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Buchannan Deputy Commissary of Prisoners" medications affected by grapefruit best accupril 10 mg, including name medicine 2020 cheap accupril 10mg without prescription, rank medicine lodge kansas cheap accupril 10mg visa, and information about places sent for about 80 German prisoners and about 22 British prisoners [portions of the document are washed out and unable to be read] May 9 symptoms kidney problems accupril 10mg sale, 1778 [754] List of prisoners at Lancaster, with descriptions and status, compiled by Atlee [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 8 document 62] May 12, 1778 [757] Letter from Patterson Bell, Chester County Justice of the Peace, to the Constable, concerning 5 prisoners of war retaken after having escaped from the Lancaster jail, listed by name May 15, 1778 [779] "List of British Prisoners of War [at] Lancaster", including name and regiment for 137 prisoners 35. May 15, 1778 [783] "Return of British Prisoners unable to be removed" because of illness, including name and regiment for 25 prisoners May 16, 1778 [786] "List of Prisoners sent from Lancaster under the Escort of Lieut. McCullough", including name and regiment for 76 prisoners plus 9 women and 2 children not named June 2, 1778 [820] List of British prisoners, including rank, name, and regiment for 58 prisoners June 2, 1778 [825] "Report of Prisoners of War, now under Main Guard, Penburroug Town Ship. June 16, 1778 [9] List of Hessian and Waldecker prisoners of war sent from Middletown to Lancaster, including regiment, rank, and name for 97 prisoners plus 15 women and 6 children not named June 17, 1778 [23] "List of Hessian, Waldeck & British Prisoners sent from Lancaster under the Escort of Capt. July 15, 1778 [83] List of prisoners of war, including name, regiment, company, and "by whom employed" for about 16 prisoners [portions washed out and difficult to read] July 29, 1778 [115] "List of Hessian and Waldeck Prisoners of Warr sent from Lancaster for Philadelphia. November 6, 1779 [668] Letter from Hugh Cunningham, jail keeper at Lancaster, to William Augustus Atlee, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners at Lancaster and "Second Chief Justice of Pennsylvania", stating enclosure of "a Provision Return for three of Genral Borgoins Troops Viz. Sarjant Karr John Thompson & Mollons"; enclosing a return/list of provisions for 15 named prisoners showing absentees [the same 15 as in the list dated November 20, 1779, document 10] [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 9 document 25] [Note: Provision Returns for the Lancaster prison are found in the Peter Force Collection, Prisoner of War Lists, Reel 9 documents 10 through 13 (and in Atlee Papers, Reel 9, documents 25, 27, 28, 30, and 31) dated November 6 through December 11, 1779 and in Reel 10 documents 7 through 20 dated January 1 through January 29, 1782. A more extensive collection of Provision Returns for the Philadelphia prison are listed in the Bradford Papers, Reel 4 document 2 and in scattered documents in Reel 5 dated between October 27, 1778 and August 8, 1782. Sarjant Karr John Thompson & Mollons"; enclosing a return/list of provisions for 15 named prisoners showing absentees [the same 15 as in the list dated November 6, 1779, document 9] [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 9 document 27] November 27, 1779 [700] Letter from Cunningham to Atlee as "Second Chief Justice", providing "a Provision Return for three of the Convention Troops," namely Sergeant Karr, John Thompson, and Mollons, with no return attached [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 9 document 28] December 4, 1779 [714] Letter from Cunningham to Atlee, as "Second Chief Justice", "or Mr. Barton Assistant", providing "a Provision Return for three of the Convention Troops," namely Sergeant Karr, John Thompson, and Mollons, with no return attached [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 9 document 30] 10. December 11, 1779 [719] r Letter from Cunningham to Atlee, as "Second Chief Justice", "or M. Barton Assistant", providing "a Provision Return for three of the Convention Troops," namely Sergeant Karr, John Thompson, and Mollons, with no return attached [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 9 document 31] January 10, 1780 [797] "List of Prisoners of Warr left at Lancaster by Colonel Webb on his march from Philadelphia to Fort Fredrick", including name, regiment, when taken and where taken plus notes about wives and children for 79 prisoners, plus 7 prisoners who joined the march at Lancaster 14. July 3, 1780 [164] List of prisoners at Lancaster, including name, regiment, date of jailing, and some other information for perhaps about 40 prisoners [first page very vague and difficult to read] August 16, 1780 [229] Letter from Deputy Commissary of Prisoners Thomas Bradford to Atlee, stating that he is sending five named officer prisoners to Atlee; warning that one should not be sent to Reading because his brother is held there [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 10 document 22] August 24, 1780 [243] "A List of British Prisoners Names which Broak out of Goal" [at Lancaster], including name and regiment for 14 prisoners; list of 3 prisoners "Brought Back" September 24, 1780 [508] "Officers Prisoners of Warr stationed at Lancaster", including name, regiment, rank, and status for 36 prisoners November [ January 5, 1781 [445] Letter from Henry Haller, Deputy Commissary of Prisoners at Reading, to Atlee, concerning 54 prisoners of war sent from Easton, which he is sending on to Lancaster, with enclosed list of prisoners [document 8] [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 10 document 34] April 8[ June 14, 1781 [673] "List of Private Prisoners of War, brought to Lancaster from York[town] by Coll. Henry Miller", including name, regiment, when taken, and where taken for 19 prisoners June 16, 1781 [675] "List of British Prisoners Brought to Lancaster by Major Baily", including name and whether with a wife, regiment, plus notes for some, for 515 prisoners; followed by July 18 and 20, 1781 "Memorandum" with additional information about some of those included in the list above June 17, 1781 [690] List of British seaman prisoners of war, including name, "Quality [rank]", and from "What Vessel" for 53 prisoners; signed by Hugh Cunningham, jail keeper at Lancaster, and directed to William Atlee as "Commissary for British Prisoners"; with a note that "All these sent to Philada. Abraham Scott the 16th July 1781" [see related list in document 16] [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 10 document 44] June 30, 1781 [703] Letter from E. Van Wagener, deputy Commissary of Prisoners at Fishkill, New York, to Atlee, concerning his sending prisoners of war, as ordered by General Washington, including a list of 38 named prisoners with their ranks [listed also in Atlee Papers, Reel 10 document 46] 13. Of War of the Brittish Legion", including name, regiment/company, and rank except for privates for 78 prisoners July 19, 1781 [744] "Return of the British Prisoners of War Belonging to Lord Cornwalles Army & their Respective Regiments" for 124 prisoners July 19, 1781 [747] "A List of the mens Names of the British Prisoners of the 7th Regimt. And 23rd Regimt", including name company, and rank for all except privates for 112 prisoners "the Woman Included" July 19, 1781 [749] "Return of Prisoners of War Names Belonging to Differant Corps in Lancaster Barracks", including regiment and name for 192 prisoners July [ October 19, 1781 [65] Summary lists of British ordnance, vessels, and troops captured at Yorktown, totaling 193 pieces of ordnance, 223 vessels, and 7,756 troops October 20, 1781 [67] "A [summary] List of Prisoners of War & Convention Prisoners at the Barracks and Goal in Lancaster" including the number of men by "Regts & Corps", totaling 665 prisoners November 21, 1781 [123] l "Return of British Prisoners of warr to march with Col. They vary somewhat in content, including columns in tables with information such as regiment, number of men prisoners, number of women, number of children, number of days of rations, and number rations, and gils [ January 1, 1782 [168] Provision returns for 4 days from January 1 through January 4, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 12 women, and 16 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; For 492 men, 19 women, and 5 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks January 5, 1782 [177] Provision returns for 3 days from January 5 through January 7, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 12 women, and 16 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; For 492 men, 19 women, and 5 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 93 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 8, 1782 [187] Provision returns for 4 days from January 8 through January 11, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 492 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 93 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 12, 1782 [215] Provision returns for 3 days from January 12 through January 14, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 529 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 56 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 11, 1782 [223] Provision returns for 4 days from January 11 through January 14, 1782, for British prisoners of war arrived at Lancaster from Fredericktown [Frederick, Maryland; which hereafter in this Reel identifies Fredericktown. January 15, 1782 [230] Provision returns for 4 days from January 15 through January 18, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 527 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 56 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 15, 1782 [238] Provision returns for 4 days from January 15 through January 18, 1782 for British prisoners of war arrived at Lancaster from Frederick: For a detachment of 3 men; For a detachment of 3 men; For a detachment of 2 men; For 1,177 men, 54 women, and 4 children January 18, 1782 [247] Request by [British] Major James Gordon for allowance for wood for 1,185 men and 54 women, British prisoners of war from the 17th and other regiments, beginning January 18, 1782; with note from Henry Dering, who held the contract for provisioning the prisoners at Lancaster, approving giving "The same allowance as to Continental Troops" Note: Major Gordon was a prisoner of war himself, from the British 80th Regiment. He worked actively to improve the condition of the British prisoners at Lancaster. January 22, 1782 [269] Provision returns for 4 days from January 22 through January 25, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 531 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 56 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 23, 1782 [276] Provision return for 4 days from January 23 through January 26, 1782 for British prisoners of war arrived at Lancaster from Frederick: For 1,196 men, 59 women, and 4 children January 26, 1782 [279] Provision returns for 3 days from January 26 through January 28, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 531 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 55 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January 29, 1782 [288] Provision returns for 3 days from January 29 through January 31, 1782: For 18 prisoners of war employed as woodcutters in Lancaster; For 10 men, 11 women, and 14 children of different regiments belonging to the Convention prisoners who remained sick at Lancaster; on 2/3 rations; For 532 men, 20 women, and 7 children, British prisoners of war in Lancaster Barracks; For 55 British prisoners of war in Lancaster jail January [ March 2, 1782 [319] List of British prisoners of war sent from Lancaster to Philadelphia under Captain Fleming, including name, regiment, when taken, and where taken, totaling over 200 prisoners [document badly torn, leaving many names unreadable] [more complete and readable document in Thomas Bradford Papers, Reel 5 document 131] 175 Volume 9/32 (begin) Jan. In this Finding Aid, only prisoner-of-war-related documents are included, with gaps in Document Numbers to indicate the location of additional documents on the microfilm reels. Note: All the documents on this Reel appear to have been bound together in a single ledger book. Hugh Miller of Delight", written on a scrap of paper apparently pasted into the ledger book [no date] [25] "List of Prisoners taken by Vessels fitted out by State of Pensylvania", with entries with dates from April 4 through December 12, 1779, including name, rank, name of ship and location of capture, plus notes for 439 named prisoners of war [no date] [41] "List of Defectors from Burgoyns Army", listing 7 deserters by name with dates from December 16 [perhaps 1779] to August 8 [perhaps 1780] [no date] [42] t "List Aug 20 from Hospital", including 6 named individuals [probably prisoners of war] 9. February 12, 1781 [1] Printed edition of the New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury, No.
A6648 First Impressions Matter: Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage After One Dose of Gemcitabine/T symptoms 8 dpo bfp cheap accupril online mastercard. A6649 Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia: A Rare Adverse Reaction of Atorvastatin/J medications before surgery order accupril 10mg. A6654 Pancreaticopleural Fistulae; a Rare Pulmonary Complication of an Intra-Abdominal Disease/M treatment quadriceps tendonitis purchase accupril amex. A6657 the T-ruth Is in the Pleura: T-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient on Abatacept Diagnosed by Pleural Fluid Analysis/K medications errors order accupril overnight delivery. A6658 Re-Expansion Pulmonary Edema After Large Volume Thoracentesis: A Teachable Moment/Z. A6659 Bloody Enzymes: Recurrent Hemoptysis in a Patient with Acute Pancreatitis/S. A6660 Pyocholethorax: A Rare Complication of Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage/Z. A6661 Bilateral Chylothorax and Chylous Ascites: A Rare Presentation of an Uncommon Disorder/A. A6681 Spontaneous Pneumothorax Caused by Excessive Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/J. A6664 Tainted Milk: Dasatinib-Induced Bilateral Chylothorax with Associated Streptococcal Infection/W. A6666 Talcoma: the Confounding of a Differential Diagnosis in a Patient with a Pleural-Based Mass/P. A6669 Extramedullary Hematopoesis of the Pleura: A Rare Cause of Massive Hemothorax/K. A6670 Pancreatico-Pleural Fistula Presenting with Large Right-Sided Pleural Effusion/D. A6671 Exudative Pleural Effusion as an Initial Presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis/N. A6684 A Unique Case of Systemic Amyloidosis Presenting with Recurrent Pleural Effusion/O. A6690 Smells Like Anaerobes: Cooperative Immune Evasion and a Foul-Smelling Intensive Care Unit/R. A6691 Another Case of Pleural Based Malignancy or Perhaps Not: An Unusual Presentation of Gunshot Injury/J. A6693 P686 P703 P687 P704 P705 P688 P706 P689 P707 P690 P691 P708 P709 Facilitator: W. A6674 A Case of Pleuropulmonary Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia Presenting with Recurrent Exudative Pleural Effusions/C. A6695 Catamenial Hemothorax - An Unusual Cause of Elevated Adenosine Deaminase in the Pleural Fluid/N. A6696 P695 P696 P697 P714 the information contained in this program is up to date as of April 16, 2018. A6697 A Case of Cryptogenic Bilateral Fibrosing Pleuritis, an Extremely Rare Form of Interstitial Lung Disease/G. A6698 A Pleural Effusion May Be Your Only Clue: A Rare Presentation of Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma/A. A6699 A Case of Epithelioid Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma that Revealed Bilateral Miliary Lung Metastases at Autopsy/Y. A6700 Lung Entrapment Due to Pleural Involvement of Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/P. A6701 Doege Potter Syndrome: Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura Associated with Hypoglycemia/M. A6703 P729 Achromobacter Xylosoxidans Pneumonia Secondary to Contaminated Home Nebulizer Use in a Patient with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis/C. A6709 Obliterative Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis After Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis/J. A6713 Cystic Fibrosis and Twin Pregnancy, the Challenge of Multidisciplinary Care: A Case Report/L.
Reading in particular can cause asthenopic symptoms such as eye pain or headache symptoms 5dpiui purchase accupril online from canada, burning sensation in the eyes treatment zamrud generic accupril 10 mg without prescription, blepharoconjunctivitis medicine glossary buy accupril visa, blurred vision medicine to help you sleep purchase cheapest accupril and accupril, and rapid fatigue. As accommodation decreases with advancing age, near vision becomes increasingly difficult. Diagnostic considerations: Ophthalmoscopic examination of the fundus may reveal a slightly blurred optic disk that may be elevated (hyperopic pseudoneuritis). However, this is not associated with any functional impairments such as visual field defects, loss of visual acuity, or color vision defects. The retina is too large for the small eye, which leads to tortuous retinal vascular structures. Transitions to abnormal forms of axial shortening, such as in microphthalmos, are not well defined. The ciliary muscle is chronically under tension in slight or moderate hyperopia to compensate for the hyperopia. This overuse of the ciliary muscle leads to a condition of residual accommodation in which the muscle is unable to relax even after the hyperopia has been corrected with plus lenses. The full extent of hyperopia includes both this residual hyperopia and clinically manifest hyperopia. In the presence of asthenopic symptoms of uncertain origin, refraction testing under cycloplegia is indicated to rule out latent hyperopia. Treatment: the insufficient refractive power must be augmented with converging lenses (plus or convex lenses;. A watch-and-wait approach is indicated with asymptomatic young patients with slight hyperopia. Spherical plus lenses converge parallel incident light rays at a focal point behind the lens. Previously, biconvex or planoconvex lens blanks were used in the manufacture of corrective lenses. The optical aberrations of the positive meniscus lenses used today are comparatively slight. The clinician should determine the total degree of hyperopia present (see Diagnostic considerations) prior to prescribing corrective lenses. The second step is to prescribe the strongest plus lens that the patient can tolerate without compromising visual acuity. If the patient wears these corrective lenses permanently, then with time it will also become possible to correct the latent component (see Diagnostic conCorrection of hyperopia. Prior to any correction of hyperopia, refraction testing should be performed after administering cycloplegics to the patient. The correction is then made with the strongest plus lens that the patient can subjectively tolerate without compromising visual acuity. The closer the plus lens is to the retina, the stronger its refractive power must be to converge incident lights at a point on the retina. The disorder is characterized by a curvature anomaly of the refractive media such that parallel incident light rays do not converge at a point but are drawn apart to form a line. Epidemiology: Forty-two per cent of all humans have astigmatism greater than or equal to 0. In approximately 20%, this astigmatism is greater than 1 diopter and requires optical correction. Pathophysiology: the refractive media of the astigmatic eye are not spherical but refract differently along one meridian than along the meridian perpendicular to it. Therefore, a punctiform object is represented as a sharply defined line segment at the focal point of the first meridian but also appears as a sharply defined line segment rotated 90 degrees at the focal point of the second meridian. Midway between these two focal points is what is known as the "circle of least confusion. The combined astigmatic components of all of the refractive media comprise the total astigmatism of the eye. Midway between these two focal points is the "circle of least confusion" (Kr), the location with the least loss of image definition. Classification and causes: Astigmatism can be classified as follows: O External astigmatism: astigmatism of the anterior surface of the cornea.
Moderately stained fluid is opaque without particles medicine used for adhd buy accupril toronto, and fluid with thick meconium with particles is sometimes called pea soup treatment abbreviation accupril 10 mg generic. In the presence of fetal stress treatment 5th metatarsal fracture 10mg accupril with mastercard, gasping by the fetus can result in aspiration of meconium before medications hypertension discount accupril 10 mg on-line, during, or immediately following delivery. Meconium has been found in the lungs of stillborn infants and infants who died soon after birth without a history of aspiration at delivery. When aspirated into the lung, meconium may stimulate the release of cytokines and vasoactive substances that result in cardiovascular and inflammatory responses in the fetus and newborn. Meconium itself, or the resultant chemical pneumonitis, mechanically obstructs the small airways and causes atelectasis and a "ball-valve" effect with resultant air trapping and possible air leak. In utero passage of meconium in term infants has been associated with an increased risk of perinatal and neonatal mortality, severe acidemia, need for caesarean section delivery, need for intensive care and oxygen administration, and adverse neurologic outcome. Preterm infants who pass meconium before delivery have similar adverse effects, as well as an increased incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, and cerebral palsy. However, the study did not have adequate power to determine definitively if amnioinfusion may benefit the group with variable decelerations. Infants should be assessed and intervention reserved for infants who are depressed or have respiratory distress. If the infant appears vigorous, routine care should be provided, regardless of the consistency of the meconium. If respiratory distress develops or the infant becomes depressed, the trachea should be intubated under direct laryngoscopy and intratracheal suctioning performed. Visualization of the cords without suctioning is not adequate because significant meconium may be present below the cords. Alternatively, an endotracheal tube specifically made for suctioning of meconium (Kurtis Meconium Suction Device, Vital Signs, Inc. Continuous suction is applied as the tube is being withdrawn; the procedure is repeated until the trachea is cleared or resuscitation needs to be initiated. Avoid positive pressure ventilation, if possible, until tracheal suctioning is accomplished. Complications of intubation include bleeding, laryngospasm, stridor, apnea, and cyanosis. This procedure should be accomplished rapidly, and ventilation with oxygen should be initiated before significant bradycardia occurs. Because a few inspiratory efforts by the infant will move the meconium from the trachea to the smaller airways, exhaustive attempts to remove it are unwise. Infants who are depressed at birth and have had meconium suctioned from the trachea are at risk for meconium aspiration pneumonia and should be observed closely for respiratory distress. A chest radiograph may help determine those infants who are most likely to develop respiratory distress, although a significant number of asymptomatic infants will have an abnormal-appearing chest film. The classic roentgenographic findings are diffuse, asymmetric patchy infiltrates; areas of consolidation, often worse on the right; and hyperinflation. The infant should be maintained in a neutral thermal environment and tactile stimulation should be minimized. Severely depressed infants may have severe metabolic acidosis that may need to be corrected, although we recommend only gentle, judicious use of alkali (see Chap. Fluids should be restricted as much as possible to prevent cerebral and pulmonary edema. Infants may also require specific therapy for hypotension and poor cardiac output, including cardiotonic medications such as dopamine. Circulatory support with normal saline or packed red blood cells should be provided in patients with marginal oxygenation. In infants with substantial oxygen and ventilator requirements, we usually maintain a hemoglobin concentration above 15 g (hematocrit above 40%). Management of hypoxemia should be accomplished by increasing the inspired oxygen concentration and by monitoring blood gases and pH. Adequate expiratory time should be permitted to prevent air trapping behind partly obstructed airways. Some infants may respond better to conventional ventilation at more rapid rates with inspiratory times as short as 0. Differentiating between bacterial pneumonia and meconium aspiration by clinical course and chest x-ray findings may be difficult. Blood cultures should be obtained to identify bacterial disease, if present, and to determine length of antibiotic course.
Each has costs for new equipment symptoms 3 days after conception order accupril 10 mg online, maintenance medications prescribed for anxiety order discount accupril on line, and training premonitory symptoms buy accupril 10mg on line, and perhaps other costs medicine x boston order accupril online. When violations cause a crash producing serious injury or death, the offense may carry criminal charges and sanctions may be more severe. States use the demerit point system in an attempt to prevent drivers from committing repeated traffic offenses. Effectiveness: Generally, for penalties to be effective, perceived risk of getting caught must be high. They found that, taken together, all actions and penalties reduced subsequent crashes by 6% and violations by 8%. Although the time series analysis may not have been able to control for all confounders, including driver education weeks and the volume of citations, the results of this and other studies suggest that introduction of a penalty system can be an effective safety measure, in conjunction with enforcement and education. For example, research in Maryland found that various legal consequences for speeding had little impact on future citations for individual drivers (Lawpoolsri, Li, & Braver, 2007). The certainty of punishment may be more important than the level of penalty (Li et al. Providing alternate modes of transportation, electronic monitoring, enforced restrictions or limits on mobility through license plate "striping" or vehicle impoundment are other recommendations to address unlicensed drivers, including those who have already received the maximum penalties but continue to drive (Neuman, Pfefer, Slack, Hardy, & Waller, 2003b). Drivers sped more than 8 mph over the limit a small, but significantly lower proportion of the distance driven during the alerting phase (0. In general, the systems seemed to be well accepted by a majority of the drivers, except for the concerns mentioned. While the devices were active, there was much less speeding, but once inactivated, levels of speeding quickly rebounded to normal levels. Other issues: Public acceptance, enforcement, and publicity: Changes in speeding and aggressive driving sanctions by themselves cannot reduce speeding and aggressive driving. To be effective, sanctions must be well known to violators and they must have a high probability of being imposed (Preusser, Williams, Nichols, Tison, & Chaudhary, 2008). Negotiated plea agreements are a necessary part of an effective and efficient court system. Use: No data is available on the number of jurisdictions in which Traffic Violator School is available or the number of offenders who use Traffic Violator School to reduce their penalties. Similarly, no data is available on the use of other plea agreements for speeding or aggressive driving violations. These reductions or eliminations of penalties also make it difficult to use driver histories to track and provide serious sanctions to repeat violators. Time to implement: Diversion or Traffic Violator School programs will require at least 6 months to establish and implement. Speeding and Speed Management driving offenses than for speeding and aggressive driving offenses. Deal or no deal: Can incentives encourage widespread adoption of intelligent speed adaptation devices Speed enforcement cameras in Charlotte, North Carolina: Estimation of longer-term safety effects. Ticketing aggressive cars and trucks in Washington state: High visibility enforcement applied to share the road safety (Report No. Distracted and Drowsy Driving this section provides expanded discussion of the and countermeasures. Distracted and Drowsy Driving Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise. There is some evidence that banning hand-held cellphone use leads to long-term reductions in this behavior; however, many State and Local laws were only recently passed and effectiveness is still being examined. Half (50%) of cell phone users reported no differences in their driving when using a cell phone. Distracted and Drowsy Driving Change in Risk Baseline (Odds Ratio) Prevalence Total cell (handheld) 3. Type of Cell Phone Distraction There is less disagreement about the dangers posed by texting while driving. In a study using highly instrumented commercial motor vehicles, texting drivers were 23 times more likely to be involved in a crash, near-crash, or other safety-critical event compared to uneventful baseline driving (Olson et al.
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