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The aim is to develop an effective an efficient organization with a command prostate inflammation symptoms buy rogaine 2 with a mastercard, intelligence androgen hormone up regulation buy cheap rogaine 2 60 ml on-line, logistic prostate cancer facts order on line rogaine 2, and operational structure that makes sense for the host nation mens health big book of exercises purchase rogaine 2 in united states online. The organization must facilitate the collection, processing, and dissemination of intelligence across and throughout all security forces. To the maximum extent possible, decisions on the structure of security force organization should be made by the host nation. These may include changing the numbers of forces, types of units, and internal organizational designs. Eventually, the role of police should be to counter crime and the role of the military should be to address greater threats, though the exact nature of these missions depends on the situation in that nation. Units should be organized to include all appropriate warfighting functions (formerly, the battlefield operating systems) or some adaptation for police forces. Organization should address all elements of the security forces, from the ministerial level to the patrolling police officer and soldier. The complex matrix of simultaneous development programs is illustrated in figure 6-1 (below). The strengths and weaknesses of the ministerial organization should be assessed, as well as the requirements for training of civilian defense officials and employees. Advisers should review security force regulations to ensure they provide clear and complete instructions for discipline, acquisitions, and support activities. Regulations should be appropriate for the level of education and sophistication of the security force personnel. The treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspected persons should be spelled out clearly and be consistent with the norms of international and military law. Organizing a security force requires resolving issues related to the following areas: Recruitment. The recruitment program should be crafted by the host nation and take local culture into account, using themes that resonate with the local population. It should ensure that all the major demographic groups are properly represented in the security forces. A mobile recruiting capability should be established in order to target specific areas, ethnic groups, or tribes to ensure demographic distribution within the security forces. Moderate groups and factions within hostile or potentially hostile ethnic groups should be contacted and the members of minority factions encouraged to support recruitment of their group members into the security forces. However, even moderate success in recruiting from disaffected ethnic groups provides an enormous payoff in terms of building the legitimacy of the security forces and in quieting the often legitimate fears of such ethnic groups regarding their relationship with the government. A clear set of appropriate mental, physical, and moral standards needs to be established and enforced. Recruitment centers need to be in areas that are safe and secure from insurgent attacks, as these centers are attractive targets for insurgents. All recruits should undergo a basic security check and be vetted against lists of suspected insurgents. Past membership need not preclude joining the security forces, but any ongoing relationship of a recruit with an illegal unit needs constant monitoring, and care is required to ensure that no single military or police unit contains too many prior members of an illegal unit, tribal militia, or other militant faction. Selection for promotion based on proven performance and aptitude for increased responsibility is essential. Objective evaluations ensure promotion is by merit and not through influence or family ties. One is to identify the most competent performers, train them, and recommend them for promotion. The second is to identify those with social or professional status within the training group, then train and recommend them for promotion. The first method may lead to more competent leaders but could be resisted for cultural reasons. The second method ensures the new leader will be accepted culturally, but may sacrifice competence. Appropriate compensation levels help prevent a culture of corruption in the security forces. It is cheaper to spend the money for adequate wages and produce effective security forces than to pay less and end up with corrupt and abusive forces that alienate the population.
To establish legitimacy prostate 5lx new chapter order rogaine 2 online, security activities move as quickly as feasible from major combat operations to law enforcement mens health uk subscription purchase online rogaine 2. When insurgents are seen as criminals they lose public support; if they are dealt with by an established legal system in line with local culture and practices prostate 8 formula buy 60 ml rogaine 2 fast delivery, the legitimacy of the host government is enhanced prostate and sexual health generic rogaine 2 60 ml mastercard. This process takes time, but Soldiers and Marines remain aware of the legal procedures applicable to their conduct and work to apply them. They also assist in the establishment of the indigenous institutions that sustain that legal regime, including police forces, court systems, and penal facilities. Illegitimate actions by government officials, security forces, and multinational partners are those involving the use of power without authority. Efforts to build a legitimate government though illegitimate action-including unjustified or excessive use of force, unlawful detention, torture, or punishment without trial-are self-defeating, even against insurgents who conceal themselves amid noncombatants and flout the law. Moreover, participation in counterinsurgency operations by United States forces must be pursuant to United States law, which includes domestic laws and international treaties to which the United States is party as well as certain laws of the host nation. Every action by counterinsurgents leaves a "forensic trace" that may need to be used in a court of law. Counterinsurgents document all their activities to preserve, wherever possible, a chain of evidence- and often more importantly, as a means to counter insurgent propaganda. The conduct of counterinsurgency always demands considerable expenditures of time and resources. Even if people prefer the host-nation government to the insurgents, they do not actively support that government unless they are convinced the counterinsurgent forces have the means, ability, stamina, and will to win. Constant reaffirmations of commitment, backed by deeds, can overcome that perception and bolster faith in the steadfastness of American support. Planning and commitments should be based on sustainable operating tempo and personnel tempo limits for the various components of the force. Even in situations where the American goal is reducing its military force levels as quickly as possible, some support for host-nation institutions usually remains for a long time. Military commanders are almost never directly involved in this process, which is properly a political activity. They take care to ensure that their actions and statements, and the conduct of the operation neither make it more difficult for elected leaders to maintain public support nor undermine public confidence. Recent experiences with counterinsurgency have highlighted an important set of additional imperatives to keep in mind for success. Information and expectations are related, and both are carefully managed by a skillful counterinsurgent. To limit discontent and build support, a host government and any counterinsurgents assisting it create and maintain a realistic set of expectations among the populace, friendly military forces, and the international community. Information operations (including its related activities of public affairs, and civilmilitary operations) are key tools to accomplish this. Where large American forces are present to help establish a regime, such progress can extend the period before an army of liberation becomes perceived as an army of occupation. Americans start with an automatic disadvantage because of their reputation for accomplishment, what some call the "man on the moon syndrome. In some cultures, failure to deliver promised results is automatically interpreted as deliberate deception, not good intentions gone awry. In other cultures, exorbitant promises are the norm, and people do not expect them to be kept. So counterinsurgents must understand these local norms and employ locally tailored approaches to ensure expectations are controlled. Managing expectations also involves demonstrating economic and political progress to show the populace how life is improving. In the final judgment, victory comes by convincing the people that their life will be better under the government than under the insurgent. Both the counterinsurgent and the host government ensure that their deeds match their words. They also understand that any action has an information reaction, carefully consider that impact on the many audiences involved in the war and on the sidelines, and work actively to shape the responses that further their ends. In the worldwide information environment, local people in a counterinsurgency theater can access the Internet and satellite television to find out what messages the counterinsurgent is sending to the international community or the American people. There may be times when an overwhelming effort is necessary to intimidate an opponent or reassure the populace. But the type and amount of force to be applied, and who wields it, should be carefully calculated by a counterinsurgent for any operation.
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Post Office officials knew there was some discontent among the pilots prostate 80 grams discount rogaine 2 60ml free shipping, chiefly because of problems with the aircraft prostate cancer 6 on gleason scale order rogaine 2 online pills, but they routinely brushed aside complaints prostate ka desi ilaj buy generic rogaine 2 60ml. The Jenny carried the lightweight prostate 8 formula purchase rogaine 2 60 ml online, dependable HispanoSuiza 150 horsepower engine, and it could fly much more slowly, thereby giving the pilot greater reaction time when hedgehopping under a lowcloud ceiling. But it was heavy, the engine was over 400 pounds sitting big and long out in the nose. What the pilots really wanted, of course, was a completely new mail plane designed and built specifically for their use. Because they were expected to fly in bad weather, the pilots re 26 Airmail Strike of 1919 quested that the Post Office purchase "stabilators," primitive needleandball type turnandbank indicators for their aircraft. The devices cost only about $75 each, but Praeger turned down the request, advising the pilots: "Steer by compass. Praeger had heard that the pilots were in a fighting mood, and he was more than ready to tangle with them. When he learned that Smith and Lee had refused to fly, he issued a press release approving their firing, citing postal regulations for letter carriers as justification. Upon receiving a telegram of protest signed only "Air Pilots," Praeger warned the pilots that by sending an anonymous telegram they were "con spiring against the government. Finally, flustered and angered, Praeger admitted that there had been a series of bad crashes in the weeks preceding the strike, but he shrugged it off as "something which happens all the time. Praeger had a long history of hostility to labor organizations, as might be expected of a former editor of the conservative Dallas Morning News. He was apparently resolute in his intention to break the strike by replacing every pilot, if it came to that. Indeed, the Post Office had a backlog of hundreds of applications from pilots who wanted work. Two standing committees in the House announced that they would inves tigate, and Halvor Steenerson, chairman of the powerful Post Office Commit tee, announced that he would personally investigate the firings, which under 27 Flying the Line Civil Service rules required a hearing that Praeger had refused to grant. In response to a request from the White House for information, Praeger tried to smooth the whole thing over by saying: "This represents one of those cases where the newspapers misled the public by printing only one side of a case" (a lament that has a curiously modern ring). But he quickly backed down under the mounting pressure and showed signs of adopting a more moderate tone in his dealings with the pilots. Stanton, the superintendent of the airmail (himself a pilot, although not a regular airmail pilot), the pi lots went back to work on July 26, four days after Smith had refused to fly. Working feverishly behind the scenes while Praeger made a fool of himself in public, Stanton had arranged a deal whereby if the pilots went back to work, either Praeger or the postmaster general would meet with a committee of their representatives to discuss grievances. Praeger had agreed in advance to discuss a pay raise, although pay had not been directly at issue in the dispute, perhaps because he wanted to use the carrotandstick technique on the pilots. Praeger agreed to hire as field managers pilots who would, in case of dispute, go aloft to demonstrate that the weather was flyable. Praeger then agreed to a small pay raise, but there was a quid pro quo: there had to be a sacrificial lamb to satisfy his pride. That lamb was to be Leon Smith, who had earlier described Praeger as a "damned donkey. They tried to satisfy the first requirement by forming the Air Mail Pilots of America, but it was a weak, unaffiliated organization that soon folded. They tried to get around the leadership problem by hiring a lawyer, but that proved too expensive. The pilots did little else, and as a result, within a few months they were faced again with the same old problem of officials making decisions that showed no understanding of the risks of flying. In one case, an "efficiency rating system" was instituted based on ground speed, which forced the pilots to compete with each other and obviously encouraged them to take chances. Despite their failure to put together any lasting organization, the pilots knew what needed to be done. At the time of the strike, Dave Behncke was an unknown pilot trying to make a living selling rides and barnstorming in his surplus Jenny. When he emerged to assume the crucial leadership role in forming the organization that became the Air Line Pilots Association, the old airmail pilots were the rock upon which he built. They remembered the strike of 1919, and Behncke could always depend on them to sell the concept. Stories about "Fat Otto" Praeger usually got the point across to younger pilots that unionization was the key to survival. Eventually he disappeared into obscuri ty-the first martyr in the struggle of the piloting profession to protect itself.
Annual rainfall varies from year to year but usually averages more than 100 centimeters; two- thirds of precipitation falls between June and September prostate procedures cheap rogaine 2 amex. No significant linguis- Korean mutually intelligible with exception of that spoken on Cheju Island prostate blood test discount rogaine 2 60ml. Regional dialects of Education and Literacy: Adult literacy rate in late 1980s approximately 93 percent prostate 8k eugene proven 60ml rogaine 2. Approximately 95 percent of population age-group in secondary schools (middle and high schools); 83 percent in academic high schools; 17 percent in vocational high schools in 1987 androgen-independent hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer cheap rogaine 2 60ml with amex. Serious public health problems caused by environmental pollution and poor sanitation. No unified national health insurance system but medical insurance benefits available to almost all South Koreans. Economy General Character: Export oriented although domestic market increasing source of growth in late 1980s; real growth 12. Automobiles and automotive parts major domestic growth and export industry of 1980s. Anthracite coal most important mineral product by volume and value, but also imported. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing: Employed approximately 21 percent of work force in 1989; generated 10. Major crops rice and barley, also mil- corn, sorghum, buckwheat, soybeans, and potatoes. Main exports textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, machinery, steel, ships, automobiles and automotive parts, rubber tires and tubes, plywood, and fishery products. Main imports machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, steel, grains, transport equipment, raw materials, chemicals, machinery, timber and pulp, raw cotton, and cereals. Telecommunications: Adequate domestic and international vices; ser- approximately 9. Strong presidency; president xvm elected for one five-year- term by direct popular vote. Courts-martial have jurisdiction over offenses committed by armed forces personnel and civilian military employees. Provinces divided into counties and ordinary cities; counties into townships and towns; townships into villages. Politics: Multiparty system, but political parties with contrary aims or activities may be dissolved by Constitution Court. Foreign Affairs: Member of most international organizations but no formal membership in United Nations in mid- 1990. Mutual defense treaty with United States, which along with Japan, one of two most important foreign policy partners. Comarmy, 575,000 (including 25,000 marines); air service in force, 40,000; navy, 35,000. Air Force: includes twenty- two ground attack/intercept squadrons and one reconnaissance squadron; inventory includes 500 combat aircraft. Navy: three fleet commands, one aviation command, one amphibious command with minisubmarines, destroyers, frigates, xix missile-attack craft, minesweepers, patrol boats, craft. Military Production: Domestic defense industry begun in early 1970s provides approximately 70 percent of weapons, ammunition, communication and other equipment, vehicles, clothing, and other supplies to armed forces. Foreign Military Treaties: Signatory to Republic of Korea-United States of America Mutual Defense Treaty (1954). In 1990, nearly four decades after the end of the Korean War (1950-53), Washington retained more than 45,000 troops on Korean Peninsula committed to the defense of South Korea. During the 1991 conflict in the Persian Gulf, Seoul joined other coalition partners of the United States and provided a military medical team and several hundred million dollars in support of the campaign to end the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. In 1991 English was the primary foreign language studied in South Korea, and for some time it has been popularly said that more Ph. Ds from American universities work for the South Korean government than for the United States government. The Korean Peninsula has been inhabited since paleolithic times, - - Korean people at least as far back as the pottery-using cultures of the fourth and third centuries B. Early tribal groups formed numerous federations, and over the centuries these combined into larger state-like entities. Three of these states, boasting an aristocratic social structure and centralized institutions of government, had come to dominate Korea by the early centuries of the present era, conducting trade and intermittent warfare with each other and with China.