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Another large project used integrated modeling to address human food security arrhythmia yawning purchase telmisartan online from canada, conservation blood pressure 3rd trimester buy telmisartan amex, and ecosystem integrity in the Maasailand ecosystems of both Kenya and Tanzania (Thornton et al hypertension vs high blood pressure buy discount telmisartan 20 mg online. These projects helped break new ground in the areas of both research and conservation blood pressure 70 over 50 buy telmisartan mastercard. On the conservation side, the next logical steps would be local coleadership of initiatives through better training for local leaders and stronger locally led institutions as well as the equal sharing of profits-both government gate fees and private-sector earnings-with local communities. On the research side, a revolution in approach was needed, from expert-driven to community-driven research. The Mara region was transitioning to new forms of both conservation and research about the time the Reto-o-Reto initiative started in 2002. The Reto-o-Reto Initiative A team of us started the Reto-o-Reto initiative to build the role of local leaders, institutions, and communities to meet the twin demands of landscape-scale conservation and pastoral development in five ecosystems of Maasailand in northern Tanzania (Longido, Tarangire) and southern Kenya (Mara, Amboseli, and Kitengela) (Reid et al. The overall goal of Reto-o-Reto (which means "you help us, we help you" in Maa, the Maasai language) was to create a new model of local conservation and research that is driven by the needs of local communities and led by them, with the support of others outside their ecosystem as needed. We wanted to turn the power structure upside down, placing local communities in the lead and structuring a supportive role for the outside conservation and research community. In this way, we hoped to empower local action and research so that local needs and desires were at least as powerful as those of outsiders, and hopefully more so. We really had no idea if this would work at the beginning, and neither did our colleagues in local communities. We were far from the only groups pursuing this goal, so we are far from the only ones who should take credit or blame for what then happened. The only way, we thought, to make sure that local voices were dominant in this initiative was to empower those voices to drive the work of the team from the start (Reid et al. To accomplish this goal, we recruited five respected Maasai leaders from each of the five ecosystems at the heart of our team to act as boundary-spanning leaders of our research and action work. Their role was to be the link among policy makers, scientists, and local communities, and to serve as catalysts for local action and research. A sixth Maasai leader worked directly with policy makers in the Kenyan national government. We took care to select leaders with one foot in their communities and one foot in the wider world. On the community side, they had to be born and raised in their communities, good and humble listeners, articulate speakers, and relatively apolitical so that they could be widely inclusive. In the wider world, they had to be reasonably well connected, so that they could interact with policy makers, and educated in the social or natural sciences, so that they were comfortable interacting with the scientists on our team. Although these requirements would be a tall order in any community, we found six such individuals after a six-month search by a specially selected Maasai search committee. Cooperating with this group of pastoral facilitators was a transdisciplinary team of researchers: two anthropologists, two veterinarians, three ecologists, one agricultural economist, and one geographer from the International Livestock Research Institute, University College London, the University of Louvain, and Colorado State University. In this context, transdisciplinary means researchers who spanned the boundaries among scientific disciplines as well as those between local and scientific knowledge, and between theory and practice. This team was committed to the idea of making their work entirely relevant to local needs so that it was legitimate in the eyes of local stakeholders (Cash et al. We quickly realized that this work had to start with the aim of improving local livelihoods and, as we built confidence and trust, could then move to include wildlife conservation. Six primary objectives for our joint work were developed (Nkedianye and Reid 2012): 1. Assess the value of alternative land use practices to uncover any incentives or disincentives for conservation. Empower local pastoral communities to be major actors in conservation and ensure that conservation supports their livelihoods and vice versa. Work with local and national policy makers to promote pastoral initiatives that conserve wildlife and support pastoral livelihoods. In this model, the Maasai community facilitators were assigned to communicate local needs and information to the team, and the researchers were assigned to respond to these needs by finding existing or new information to address reported issues or problems.
However arrhythmia back pain order telmisartan american express, there is reasonable skepticism about the expected existence of psychopathology in all individuals adapting to new cultures hypertension table in icd 9 purchase 80mg telmisartan otc. For example arrhythmias in children order cheap telmisartan, Furnham and Bochner (1986) described culture shock as a learning experience that includes the acquisition and development of the skills hypertension treatment guidelines 2014 order telmisartan amex, rules, and roles required in the new cultural setting. Harry Triandis, a renowned psychologist, views culture shock as a loss of control that people experience when they interact with members of a different culture (1994, p. Loss of control is in most cases maladaptive but does not necessarily cause marked psychological disturbances. In one of the most recently developed theories, culture shock is seen as the process of initial adjustment to an unfamiliar environment. Culture shock is associated with individual development, education, and even personal growth (Pedersen, 1995, pp. In a study of Asian American youths, it was found that family conflicts and the lack of acculturation were among the most significant risk factors contributing to stress, emotional problems, and suicide (Lau et al. Today, researchers studying cultural adjustment usually focus on the description of stress factors related to adjustment, factors associated with successful adaptation (Mok et al. Description of Symptoms the person may feel longing for relatives, friends, and familiar cues and experiences. Lack of or difficulties in communication may create frustration and feelings of isolation. The individual is not able to exercise many previously enjoyed activities; this causes anxiety and feelings of loss. Differences between the host and home cultures are typically exaggerated and seem difficult to accept. Differences in values are typically exaggerated; new values seem difficult to accept. I stopped eating it after being here for two weeks and that was very difficult for me because traditional American food was tasteless for me at that time" (cf. First, there are cultural norms regarding what odors or smells are considered appropriate and inappropriate. For example, if almost everyone eats foods with garlic, these people can hardly notice that they, or others, have garlic breath. However, if you had a dish with garlic in it for lunch, and no one else did, then people around you would certainly notice that you smell of garlic. Second, most of us are able to adapt to particular smells and dominant odors in a new country that we live in or travel to (remember, sensory adaptation is a universal psychological process). Most travelers, for instance, say that they quickly get used to the smell of soy sauce in Japan. If the situation requires, many can adjust to unpleasant street odors in some world cities not equipped with sewer systems. Nonsmoking travelers can adapt to the smell of cigarette smoke in most countries in eastern and southern Europe, where smoking regulations are very loose compared to strict antismoking rules in the United States. Jenkins (1995), in his well-known work on the psychology of African Americans, suggests that there are several ways by which adults can improve intelligence test scores of minority children. He suggested that even though many minority children lack developmental experiences-due to poverty, overcrowded housing, and inadequate parenting-this deficit can be overcome. To achieve this, some children may need the teacher to pay special attention to their cognitive functioning. For others, it is important to give extra attention to the emotional context in which intellectual learning takes place. For example, it is beneficial to create a particular cooperative classroom environment and, in addition, include parents in the educational process. If formal intellectual problem-solving procedures involve interesting and pleasing challenges, the child is likely to appreciate such an academic situation and become engaged in such activities more frequently than previously. The problem is that many minority children begin to feel competence in nonacademic situations, basically in the street-game contexts. Of course, one of the most difficult tasks for the psychologist is the engagement of parents in the educational process. For example, in Turkey, Kagitcibasi (1995) developed a special educational, community-based project with the local mothers. The interactive training included analyses of special cognitive tasks and biweekly group discussions about children, their problems, and parentchild communications. Chapter 12 Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights 313 the debate is ongoing about the language of test administration for bilingual children.
Appurtenant Easements It is important to distinguish between two types of conservation easements: in gross and appurtenant arrhythmia life threatening discount generic telmisartan canada. Easements in gross refer to those in which the owner does not or is not required to own land next to the burdened property (Korngold 2007); this means that there are no geographical or physical limits as to where the nonprofit can hold easements pulse pressure mitral stenosis order cheap telmisartan line. Appurtenant easements pulse pressure cardiac output purchase telmisartan 80 mg with mastercard, on the other hand blood pressure too high purchase telmisartan 80mg with mastercard, involve two properties that are in most cases adjacent to one another, with one as the dominant property and the other the servient property (Cope 2005). This latter arrangement generally limits the use and geographical distribution of easements for conservation purposes, as nonprofits are required to own property adjacent to the land to which they want to apply easements. Traditionally in law, easements ensure the right to do something on the land of another; conservation easements, by contrast, restrict the activities of a landowner on the servient property and are thus more accurately a covenant. In a case of "semantic sleight-of-hand" (Korngold 2007, 20), the latter type of arrangement was termed an easement in order to avoid the restrictions linked to covenants under U. In 1981, the Uniform Law Commission approved and recommended the Uniform Conservation Easement Act for all U. Conservation easements are voluntarily pursued by landowners-not mandated by governments-who seek to benefit from an arrangement that allows them to preserve the natural integrity of the land in perpetuity while still productively using the land. Nonprofit Sector the involvement of the nonprofit sector, and par- ticularly the land trust movement, has been a critical factor in the success of the U. Nonprofit organizations provide the stewardship that maintains the conservation benefits enjoyed by society. Because the public invests in conservation through the tax benefits that accompany the creation of such easements, nonprofits must in effect be accountable for the investment of public funds. Perpetual Stewardship the restrictions placed on the property in or- der to preserve its natural integrity may be for a specified period of time or in perpetuity. It is important to note that many of the financial incentives offered by the government only apply when landowners place restrictions on their property in perpetuity, making these forms of conservation easements more popular. Elsewhere in the world, however, the provision of these fi nancial incentives has been a challenge. In Latin America, many countries have been unable or unwilling to take such measures, especially during the recent financial crisis; the only country in the region that has been able to offer and maintain substantial financial incentives for conservation easements is Costa Rica (Environmental Law Institute 2003). Although there is an ongoing initiative to formalize and legislate an incentive scheme to encourage conservation by private landowners (Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment 2010), the lack of a financial structure leaves the effort at a great disadvantage. Unlike Belize, and despite the absence of a policy and legislative framework to support conservation easements, Trinidad has a financial structure in place that could potentially be used to promote easement creation: the Green Fund, established by the government in 2001 under the Miscellaneous Taxes Act. This stipulation suggests that the use of the Green Fund to provide financial incentives to private landowners who use conservation easements to achieve biodiversity protection and the maintenance of ecosystem ser vices on private lands is a policy-supported option. Despite the obstacles to meeting this prerequisite, Trinidad and Tobago can learn from nearby success stories when considering ways to enact their own conservation easements. As part of the program, landowners have the option of entering into one of three types of contracts that creates legal easements that remain with the property even if it is sold. Rights to the greenhouse gasmitigation potential of the property are transferred over from the private landowner to the government, which is then able to trade these abatement units on the international market (Sбnchez-Azofeifa et al. The three types of contracts provide varying degrees of financial incentives (all in the form of monetary payments) based on the level of conservation activities on the property: forest conservation, reforestation, or sustainable forest management. Legal Requirements In the United States, clear and strong legal support has been critical to the success of the conservation easement movement. Within Latin America, the lack of a secure legal framework to support private conservation programs has been a primary challenge to implementation of this system. Despite the lack of any national law that recognizes the use of perpetual easements for conservation purposes or the creation of in gross easements that involve an independent third party, countries have still found ways to use these instruments (Environmental Law Institute 2003). Environmental nonprofits have been creatively using traditional appurtenant easements under the civil code to form easements with conservation-minded landowners. Costa Rica pioneered the use of traditional laws to facilitate the creation of easements in 1992, and these efforts have now spread to other Latin American countries (Swift et al. However, in the Latin American model, easements are limited to traditional appurtenant easements between two neighboring estates, with the exception of three states in Mexico-Nuevo Leуn, Quintana Roo, and Veracruz-in which statutory laws enable in gross easements (Environmental Law Institute 2003). Environmental law groups in Latin America have made progress in seeking legislative reform that allows for in gross easements that can be held by third-party entities such as nonprofits in order to provide the necessary support for effective private land conservation in the region (Environmental Law Institute 2003). Countries such as Chile, Costa Rica, and Ecuador have introduced proposed laws authorizing in gross easement. Rather than borrow an instrument from another legal system, this tool has been created to serve as a functional, flexible, and enforceable legal instrument especially for private conservation initiatives in Chile (Levitt 2010).
Herndon blood pressure chart low bp discount telmisartan 40mg with mastercard, who thought the "suppers were very fine indeed blood pressure 200 100 safe 40mg telmisartan," reported that she would invite members of the Springfield elite heart attack 8 months pregnant telmisartan 40mg on line, while Lincoln would "choose a few of his boon companions to make things lively" and swap stories with them pulmonary hypertension 50 mmhg buy telmisartan with a visa. After the guests had departed, the hostess "would be as mad as a disturbed hornet" and "lecture L[incoln] all night, till he got up out of bed in despair and went whistling through the streets & alleys till day &c. According to Anna Eastman Johnson, a neighbor during the 1850s, one evening Lincoln, carrying "a prodigious carpet-bag," appealed to her father: "Mary is having one of her spells, and I think I had better leave her for a few days. Arnold, Springfield, 24 October [18]83, Lincoln Collection, Chicago History Museum. Lincoln gets one of these nervous spells, it is better for me to go away for a day or two. Lincoln would appear at their home with a small desk and say, `May I leave these papers with you? Hall alleged that during the summer of 1846 or 1847 his uncle Abraham visited Coles County evidently to escape his wife. Ellis, postmaster of Springfield, swapped stories with Lincoln at the post office until nearly midnight. Once, upon emerging from church, she observed Lincoln conversing with a friend; indignantly she screamed at him and chased him home. On another occasion, she yelled at him on the street when he failed to notice that one of their boys had fallen from the wagon he had absently-mindedly been pulling. One day while Mary Lincoln was running errands, her husband stayed home to supervise a carpenter. When that craftsman summoned Lincoln to ask his advice, Mary returned home to discover her 420 421 Fiske, "A Neighbor of Lincoln," 494. In 1950, Christiana Bertram said that "many years ago I met two people who had been neighbors of the Lincolns in Springfield" who shared this story with her. Christiana Bertram, letter to the editor of the New York Times Sunday Magazine, Tenafly, N. The carpenter reported that she "had rather a hasty temper and at once she sought her husband and berated him soundly for letting the child sit on the floor and cry. Charlotte Rodrigues DeSouza, who made dresses for Mary Lincoln, described her as a nervous, highly-strung woman who sometimes tried the unusually mild and gentle temperament of her husband. The writer stated that her Kentucky-born father, an old-line Whig and a prominent physician, was friendly with Lincoln. Rankin, Knoxville, Tennessee, 2 September 1920, Rankin Papers, Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield. The 1855 Springfield City Directory indicates that her household, headed by Stephen A. According to a historian of Springfield, from "the kitchen door would issue the loud exclamation of `Fire! Sarah Sleeper to her mother, Springfield, June, 1865 (no day of the month indicated), Sleeper Papers, Small Collection 1405, Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield. Walter to Carl Sandburg, New York, 11 January 1940, Sandburg Papers, University of Illinois. Born in England in 1847, Jane King was the daughter of the merchant William King. Stedman, Tokyo, 10 July 1883, Stedman Papers, Columbia University (courtesy of Jennifer Lee). Weik, Springfield, 8 January 1886, Herndon-Weik Papers, Library of Congress; Milton Hay to his wife, Springfield, 6 April [1862], Stuart-Hay Papers, Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield. When Eleanor Gridley interviewed "old neighbors, acquaintances and relatives" of Lincoln, she "found verified evidence that Mrs. Lincoln held the Hanks tribe in contempt and the Lincoln family generally the old folks Thomas Lincoln & his good old wife. Lincoln was terribly aristocratic and as haughty & as imperious as she was autocratic: she was as cold as a chunk of ice. North of Springfield once hired a relative of hers to conduct some business for him. The trip could well have been the one taken by the Lincolns to Washington in 1847 or to New York a decade later. Coleman, Abraham Lincoln and Coles County, Illinois (New Brunswick: Scarecrow Press, 1955), 70-71.
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