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Alternatively it might be better to replace the original handle if it cannot be strengthened erectile dysfunction facts and figures cialis 10 mg sale, thereby reducing the risk erectile dysfunction doctors in brooklyn order generic cialis pills. However erectile dysfunction support group order cialis discount, such decisions should not be made without considerable thought and consultation doctor's guide to erectile dysfunction order cialis online now. Such treatments should be fully documented and the original handle should be retained and kept carefully with the object should the situation change in the future and the original handle need to be put back. If it is going to be stored for the foreseeable future, the prime need is for it to be stable and for the components to be secure so that they are not lost. The object needs to be in a fit state for handling, but an aesthetically attractive appearance is not a high priority. It may be that the needs of objects which are to go on display will be the same as those to be stored, but they may differ in various aspects. For example, an object with a picture on it may be perfectly stable but if there is distracting damage to the image, it may be difficult to interpret. Inpainting, but not overpainting, to make an image readable may therefore be appropriate before it is displayed. However, the application of surface finishes or the inpainting of damage may not be considered fully compatible with best conservation practice. In the case of a chair, for example, this could involve refinishing the wood, a full rebuild of the underlying upholstery and a new leather covering. While this will give a very serviceable object, it will lose much of its feeling and appearance of age, and render it of less value as an historic object. Some restoration work may be considered necessary to give the object structural integrity, to assist interpretation, or simply to make an object more visually attractive. Filling a hole in an object such as a leather screen may increase its strength and reduce the chances of further damage. It may also reduce the visual distraction caused by the area of loss, allowing the object to be viewed as a whole. It is likely that the owner of a gilt leather screen will regard it as a work of art and will want nothing which will distract from the overall appearance of the object. However, an assumption that this will be required should not be made without consulting the owner or curator, who may prefer a simple background colour. The context in which an object is to be displayed is significant and may affect the level of work carried out. However, if the display is of a leathergoods shop, it needs to look plausible as shop stock. Any surface treatments applied to achieve this may not be actively conserving the object, instead they would serve an aesthetic function. Conservation of an object aims to ensure that the object is brought to a state where it is stable and as far as is possible safe from further deterioration. At its most simple, this could mean storing the object in a box in the correct environmental conditions. The stabilization of red-rot may also be appropriate, as may the securing of loose sections of Repeated handling and direct access by the public may cause excessive damage and this may influence decisions on the level of treatment to be undertaken. For example, boxes, cases or trunks which open and are accessible on open display may prove irresistible to visitors. If a box has leather hinges or straps, or perhaps an overhang around the edge of the lid, casual opening and closing by people passing by can rapidly lead to damage. The object either needs to be moved from open display, or those responsible must realize that in time the leather may be damaged General principles of care, storage and display 115 beyond repair with replacement the only remedy. This does not sit comfortably with the concept that museums should preserve objects, as far as possible, for ever. Even if the harm caused in this way can be repaired this will never remove the underlying damage. A tear can be repaired but the object will never be as good as it was before it was torn. A finish or dressing is often applied for aesthetic reasons rather than on conservation grounds. If they contain inappropriate ingredients or if too much is applied these may spew onto the surface. Spew is a white surface deposit of free fatty acids which may be confused with mould.
However erectile dysfunction related to prostate buy cialis line, people who have been using computers for a long time are so paranoid about crashes and data loss that they habitually press Ctrl+S after every paragraph erectile dysfunction gif buy line cialis, and sometimes after every sentence erectile dysfunction red 7 generic cialis 20mg visa. All applications should have manual save controls erectile dysfunction operations buy cialis without prescription, but users should not be required to invoke manual saves. The copy will be identical to the original, but not tied to the original in any way. The new copy of a file named "Alpha" should automatically be given a name with a standard form like Alpha Copy. If there is already a document with that name, the new copy should be named "Alpha Copy #2. It is very tempting to envision the dialog box that accompanies this command, but there should be no such interruption. The application should take its action quietly, efficiently, and sensibly, without badgering the user with silly dialogs like "Are you sure you want to make a Copy? If there are any anomalies, the application should make a constructive decision on its own authority. If the user decides to rename the document, he should be able to click on the title to edit it in place. Although we think of establishing the home directory for a document at the moment of creation or when we first save it, neither of these events is meaningful outside of the implementation model. The new file should be put somewhere reasonable where the user can find it again (such as the Desktop). The specific appropriate location should depend on your users and the posture of the product you are designing. If a user wants to place the document somewhere else, he can request this function from the menu. In this dialog (an appropriately named relative of the Save As dialog), the user can move the file to any location. The application thus places all files automatically, and this dialog is used only to move them elsewhere. Specifying the stored format At the bottom of the current Save As dialog shown in Figure 17-2, a combo box allows a user to specify a file format. By tying the format to the act of saving, users are confronted with additional, unnecessary complexity added to saving. In Word, if a user innocently changes the format, both the save function and any subsequent close action are accompanied by a frightening and unexpected confirmation box. Chapter 17: Rethinking Files and Save 361 this dialog box should have significant cautions built into its interface to make it clear to the user that the function could involve significant data loss. In the case of some drawing applications, where saving image files to multiple formats is desirable, an Export dialog (which some drawing applications already support) is appropriate for this function. Reversing changes If a user inadvertently makes changes to the document that must be reversed, the tool already exists for correcting these actions: Undo (see Chapter 16 for more on Undo behaviors). The concept of going directly to the file system to undo changes merely undermines the Undo function. The version function described later in this chapter shows how a file-centric vision of Undo can be implemented so that it works well with the unified file model. Rather than forcing the user to understand the file system to achieve her goal, a simple Abandon Changes function on the main menu would suffice. A similarly useful way to express this concept is Revert to version, which is based upon a version system described in the next section. Because Abandon Changes involves significant data loss, the user should be protected with clear warning signs. Making this function undoable would also be relatively easy to implement and highly desirable. The difference is that this copy is managed by the application and presented to users as the single document instance after it is made. It should also be clear to users that they can return to the state of the document at each point that a version was made. Users should be able to see a list of versions along with various statistics about them, like the time each was recorded and its size or length. With a click, a user can select a version and, by doing so, he also immediately selects it as the active document.
The use of two sets of these blades erectile dysfunction drugs names cialis 10 mg with visa, opposing each other at an oblique angle impotence treatments order line cialis, enable soft erectile dysfunction with normal testosterone levels generic cialis 10mg on line, irregularly shaped skins to be smoothed and stretched out best erectile dysfunction pills uk purchase generic cialis on-line, thus preventing creases, while the blade carried the manufacture of leather 75 Figure 7. A considerable number of machines for unhairing, fleshing, scudding, setting, scouring, striking, staking and shaving were designed over the next hundred years based on this idea (Watt, 1855). Many leather working machines used today throughout the trade are based on late nineteenth century designs. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the majority of tanneries were using improved tanning processes and were mechanized. A wide range of machines was employed, supplied by specialist tanning machinery manufacturers. While many of the changes that took place in processing during the nineteenth century were improvements on previous techniques or produced a less expensive, more uniform, product, some had deleterious effects which only became apparent decades after they were introduced. This was particularly significant in the case of leathers for bookbinding, which, unlike those for other purposes, are expected to last a lifetime. The first major change which was to lead to problems was the introduction of a wider range of tanning materials. As has been said, alternative products were imported including many species not previously employed in Europe. Although most of the new imported tannins were used for the production of heavy leathers, it is likely that some were tried for bookbinding leathers. Vegetable tannins can be divided into two main classes depending on their chemical composition; the hydrolysable tannins, such as sumac and Turkish galls, and the condensed tannins, such as mimosa and mangrove. We now know that leathers prepared using condensed tannins decay more rapidly than those manufactured using hydrolysable tannins. It is fortuitous therefore that the new imported materials which gave the best quality light leathers such as divi divi, myrabolams, algarobilla, tara and bulbool are of the hydrolysable type. It is quite possible, however, that materials such as mimosa, mangrove or gambier were employed by some tanners, particularly towards the end of the nineteenth century. The gradually increasing introduction of these newer materials throughout the century resulted in more and more bookbinding leathers with poor ageing properties (Thomson, 2001). A potentially more damaging improvement was the introduction of synthetic dyestuffs from the middle of the century onwards. Initially, these were developed for colouring textiles, but soon they were being used on a wide range of leathers. The replacement of the traditional methods with these new products adversely affected the ageing properties of the leathers in two ways. First, the natural dyestuffs previously employed were almost invariably applied in conjunction with alum. The beneficial effect of aluminium compounds on vegetable-tanned leathers 76 Conservation of leather and related materials Figure 7. The new dyestuffs were either used alone or together with mordants such as potassium bichromate or iron sulphate which, unlike alum, actually have a damaging effect. It is now known that sulphuric acid derived from atmospheric pollution is the major cause of the deterioration of bookbinding leathers and that the presence of strong acids is particularly damaging. Just as the demand for leather outstripped the supply of vegetable tanning materials, as the century progressed, there was an increasingly serious shortage of skins for the tanners to process. The skins were prepared on a very small scale and gathered together from over a wide area to a centralized trading centre. Once in Europe, they were often sorted again before selling on to a tanner or leather dresser. Crust skins were sold by weight and often contained adulterants such as excess tannins, oils, earthy materials and soluble salts. In addition, the dresser was purchasing a very mixed lot of skins from a wide range of sources having very different processing histories. It was his job to minimize these differences and produce as uniform a batch of leather as possible.
The protection provided is good and it is relatively easy for two people to lift them out and stand them up erectile dysfunction lipitor discount cialis 5mg with visa. The leather on screens is very vulnerable candida causes erectile dysfunction buy discount cialis, particularly that on the two outer folds erectile dysfunction treatment london 10 mg cialis. It is also possible that the tension will distort the frame erectile dysfunction medication wiki buy 2.5mg cialis free shipping, leading to joints breaking. Screens should be handled as little as possible as fingernails can scratch or even go through the leather. Sources of heat, including lights, radiators, fires and sunlight need to be avoided as these can rapidly dry out the leather and cause excessive tension. However, if something goes amiss and the screen starts to fall away from the wall, it can become dangerous and unwieldy, especially if it is very large. Damage to hinges and frames should be repaired to maintain a stable configuration. Wall hangings are also at risk from the temptation to touch and prod the material. It may be advisable to ensure that the leather is displayed out of reach, or to cover accessible areas with glass or acrylic sheet. Care should be taken that this is not in contact with the leather and can be removed for cleaning. Loose leather wall hangings are usually stored flat as separate sheets of leather, often in plan chests. In addition to the difficulties associated with this material they present many similar problems to screens and wall hangings. The leather panels are under tension and are very vulnerable to accidental damage. Sedan chairs should preferably be stored and displayed slightly off the floor to protect them from mops and vacuum cleaners, and away from a thoroughfare. A regular cleaning schedule should be built into the monitoring system so that debris is removed before it can attract further pests. Cars present similar problems, and in addition enclosed cars can set up their own microclimates. If they are left up they are under a great deal of tension and tend to split, and if they are folded down they get brittle along the folds and split. It is advisable to decide whether to have the hood up or down, and leave it there as moving it around just makes the situation worse. If it is necessary to fold the hood up and down, or actually to use the vehicle, it may be better to think of replication with the original stored appropriately. The objects are also more accessible to a variety of pests such as mice nesting in upholstery, bird droppings, etc. The size of carriages means that this type of storage is often the only option, so the While it is accepted that preventing damage is more desirable and cheaper than expensive conservation, objects will inevitably suffer some damage caused by use and wear. It is better for the long-term survival of the object to encourage careful and limited use and to educate the owner how to limit the damage while still continuing to enjoy the object, fulfilling its intended function. Although this may be unachievable in domestic, non-museum or alas many museum contexts, a clean and stable environment where the object may be regularly inspected and an owner or curator who understands the ideal to aim for and what to do when something is going wrong, will go a long way to prolong the survival of the object. Jamieson, a recently retired leather chemist with an interest in historical matters, to look at the current methods being used for the conservation of leather objects, to identify areas for future research and to determine whether there was a requirement for a specialist institution where research training and practical work could be undertaken. Granular cleaner in fine and coarse grades suitable for cleaning suedes or leather with abraded 121 When examining an object it is frequently detectable that previous conservation treatments have been carried out. Sometimes these treatments may have been undertaken at a time before precise records were kept detailing which chemicals, adhesives and methodology were used. Identifying which chemicals and methods have previously been used is essential before further conservation is carried out but defining past treatments on leather can sometimes be problematic. Included here are the results of surveys that identify many of the treatments, chemicals and adhesives which have been used at various times in the conservation of objects made from leather and skins. The results of these surveys provide an overview of procedures that may have been carried out to a leather object in the past and a starting point for the conservator who has to deal with an object that has obviously been treated but for which there are no existing records. Some of the earliest treatments for leather were devised from those developed for the care and preservation of bookbindings and include the application of fungicides and insecticides and the use of buffer salts to impart resistance to acidic atmospheric attack (Plenderleith and Werner, 1971). Many of these treatments, such as the use of Lindane, pentachlorophenol, p-nitrophenol and orthophenyl phenol would now be considered unacceptable for health and safety reasons.
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