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By: E. Pyran, M.A., M.D.
Clinical Director, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
Under what promptings have there been got together its staffs of editors medications via peg tube discount norpace on line, sub-editors symptoms just before giving birth norpace 150 mg otc, articlewriters medicine 81 generic 150 mg norpace free shipping, reviewers; its reporters of parliamentary debates medicine you can give dogs purchase 150mg norpace overnight delivery, of public meetings, of law cases and police cases; its critics of music, theatricals, paintings, etc. On the contrary, it has grown up in spite of many hindrances from the Government and bur- 472 the Man Versus the State dens which the Government has imposed on it. For a long time the reporting of parliamentary debates was resisted; for generations censorships and prosecutions kept newspapers down, and for several subsequent generations the laws in force negatived a cheap press, and the educational benefits accompanying it. From the warcorrespondent, whose letters give to the very nations that are fighting their only trustworthy accounts of what is being done, down to the newsboy who brings round the third edition with the latest telegrams, the whole organization is a product of spontaneous cooperation among private individuals, aiming to benefit themselves by ministering to the intellectual needs of their fellows-aiming also, not a few of them, to benefit their fellows by giving them clearer ideas and a higher standard of right. While the press is not indebted to the Government, the Government is enormously indebted to the press; without which, indeed, it would stumble daily in the performance of its functions. This agency which the State once did its best to put down, and has all along impeded, now gives to the ministers news in anticipation of their dispatches, gives to members of Parliament a guiding knowledge of public opinion, enables them to speak from the House of Commons benches to their constituents, and gives to both legislative chambers a full record of their proceedings. I do not see, therefore, how there can be any doubt respecting the sufficiency of agencies thus originating. The truth that in this condition of mutual dependence brought about by social life, there inevitably grow up arrangements such that each secures his own ends by Specialized Administration (1871) 473 ministering to the ends of others, seems to have been for a long time one of those open secrets which remain secret because they are so open; and even now the conspicuousness of this truth seems to cause an imperfect consciousness of its full meaning. The evidence shows, however, that even were there no other form of spontaneous cooperation among men than that dictated by self-interest, it might be rationally held that this, under the negatively-regulative control of a central power, would work out, in proper order, the appliances for satisfying all needs, and carrying on healthfully all the essential social functions. But there is a further kind of spontaneous cooperation, arising, like the other, independently of State-action, which takes a large share in satisfying certain classes of needs. Familiar though it is, this kind of spontaneous cooperation is habitually ignored in sociological discussions. There seems to be a deliberate omission of the fact that, in addition to their selfish interests, men have sympathetic interests, which, acting individually and cooperatively, work out results scarcely less remarkable than those which the selfish interests work out. It is true that, during the earlier phases of social evolution, while yet the type is mainly militant, agencies thus produced do not exist: among the Spartans, I suppose, there were few, if any, philanthropic agencies. To the egoistic interests, and the cooperations prompted by them, there come to be added the altruistic interests and their cooperations; and what the one set fails to do, the other does. Huxley did not set down the effects of fellow-feeling as supplementing the effects of selfregarding feelings, surprises me the more, because he displays fellow-feeling himself in so marked a degree, and shows in his career how potent a social agency it becomes. Let us glance rapidly over the results wrought out among ourselves by individual and combined "altruism"-to employ M. Though they show a trace of this feeling, I will not dwell upon the numerous institutions by which men are enabled to average the chances throughout life by insurance societies, which provide against the evils entailed by premature deaths, accidents, fires, wrecks, etc. Nor will I do more than name those multitudinous Friendly Societies that have arisen spontaneously among the working-classes to give mutual aid in time of sickness, and which the Commission now sitting is showing to be immensely beneficial, notwithstanding their defects; for these also, though containing a larger element of sympathy, are prompted chiefly by anticipations of personal benefits. Leaving these, let us turn to the organizations in which altruism is more decided: Specialized Administration (1871) 475 taking first that by which religious ministrations are carded on. Throughout Scotland and England, cut away all that part of it which is not established by law-in Scotland, the Episcopal Church, the Free Church, the United Presbyterians, and other Dissenting bodies; in England, the Wesleyans, Independents, and the various minor sects. Cut off, too, from the Established Church itself, all that part added in recent times by voluntary zeal, made conspicuous enough by the new steeples that have been rising on all sides; and then also take out, from the remainder of the Established Church, that energy which has during these three generations been infused into it by competition with the Dissenters: so reducing it to the degraded, inert state in which John Wesley found it. Do this, and it becomes manifest that more that half the organization, and immensely more than half its function, is extra-governmental. Akin to these are still more striking examples of power in agencies thus originating, such as that furnished by the Anti- 476 the Man Versus the State slavery Society, which carried the emancipation of the slaves, notwithstanding the class-opposition so predominant in the Legislature. And if we look for more recent like instances, we have them in the organization which promptly and efficiently dealt with the cotton-famine in Lancashire, and in that which last year ministered to the wounded and distressed in France. Once more, consider our educational system as it existed till within these few years. Such part of it as did not consist of private schools, carried on for personal profit, consisted of schools or colleges set up or maintained by men for the benefit of their fellows, and the posterity of their fellows. Omitting the few founded or partially founded by kings, the numerous endowed schools scattered throughout the kingdom, originated from altruistic feelings (so far, at least, as they were not due to egoistic desires for good places in the other world). And then, after these appliances for teaching the poor had been almost entirely appropriated by the rich, whence came the remedy? Another altruistic organization grew up for educating the poor, struggled against the opposition of the Church and the governing classes, eventually forced these to enter into competition and produce like altruistic organizations, until by school systems, local and general, ecclesiastical, dissenting, and secular, the mass of the people had been brought from a state of almost entire ignorance to one in which nearly all of them possessed the rudiments of knowledge. But for these spontaneously-developed agencies, ignorance would have been universal. Not only such knowledge as the poor now possess-not only the knowledge of the trading-classes not only the knowl- Specialized Administration (1871) 477 edge of those who write books and leading articles; but the knowledge of those who carry on the business of the country as ministers and legislators, has been derived from these extra-governmental agencies, egoistic or altruistic. Yet now, strangely enough, the cultured intelligence of the country has taken to spurning its parent; and that to which it owes both its existence and the consciousness of its own value is pooh-poohed as though it had done, and could do, nothing of importance!
Also medicine 2000 150 mg norpace with mastercard, enforcement of these standards varies between counties and has improved our time medicine 0552 order 100 mg norpace amex. But with the long life-time of wells symptoms when quitting smoking purchase norpace 150mg on line, a large number of older wells exist medicine 666 colds buy norpace with american express, dating from before the 1980s and 1990s, that completely lack a well seal or have a seal that does not meet modern minimum depth requirements and cannot be considered to provide effective protection against leakage. Recent literature suggests that these considerations may be crucial in preventing groundwater contamination, particularly in locations where wells penetrate multiple aquifers. Several bentonite drilling muds of varying viscosity and sand content were tested, along with neat cement, bentonite-cement, powder bentonite (Volclay), and granular bentonite (Benseal). Most importantly, it was confirmed that sealant success depends on both structural resistance to fracturing and on sealant hydraulic Technical Report 2: Nitrogen Sources and Loading to Groundwater 238 conductivity. Researchers also identified which seals tended to be most effective overall (Table 58). Benseal-bentonite slurry grout provides an excellent seal, while neat cement and bentonite-cement grouts provide good seals. Volclay and the bentonite drilling muds form poorer seals and do not adhere to the well casing (Edil et al. Four different bentonite drilling muds, distinguished by sealant viscosity and sand content, are compared with four other typical annular seal materials (Adapted from Edil et al. This study used an ultrasonic geophysical probe, which sends out a signal and receives return energy from the water-casing interface and the casing-seal interface that is characteristic of the material in the annulus. The ultrasonic geophysical tool was used at many locations along the length of the well, with a total of 35 wells tested. The Christman study largely agreed with the results of the laboratory tests in the previous study. Differences in construction methods, site geology, and sealant types were all shown to influence the effectiveness of the seal. The poorest seals were found when mud-rotary methods penetrated deep sand or gravel, as these coarse sediments collapsed into the annulus before the sealant was properly in place. Other seals which showed questionable results included those consisting of cement-bentonite grout or un-hydrated bentonite chips, as these materials remained too dry and promoted infiltration (Christman et al. A recent study, the Nebraska Grout Study, has important implications for future well construction. This has been an ongoing study for over a decade, beginning in 1999 with the construction of a well with transparent casing. Sixteen months later, the well was revisited and found to contain large cracks in the grout column; the slurry grout shrank and cracked under drying conditions and never rehydrated, leaving cracks as well as space between the grout and the casing. This was an important finding, because the cracks provided a pathway by which surface waters could contaminate groundwater. This finding prompted the construction of other wells with transparent casing, spanning a variety of geological environments in Nebraska. Another important finding was that cement grouts do not bond with plastic well casing, maintaining a direct pathway for waters to mix in the ground. As of November Technical Report 2: Nitrogen Sources and Loading to Groundwater 239 2010, this study is still ongoing, but it is believed that these findings will prompt future changes in well construction techniques and the creation of new grout materials (Ross 2010). Table 59 lists the performance rankings of eleven grout materials, with cement-sand the best overall sealant and bentonite slurry with <20% solids as the poorest. Grout Type Cement-sand * Bentonite chip Neat cement 7 gallons H2) * Concrete * Neat cement 6 gallons H20 * Cement-bentonite * Bentonite slurry > 20% Geothermal-sand ~60% ** Bentonite slurr = 20% Geothermal ~20% ** Bentonite slurry <20% Performance Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Visual Ranking 3. Due to concerns regarding possible contamination of the water source through chemigation, the U. Under regulations from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation, all well users in California must follow a series of state regulations for backflow prevention devices during chemigation processes with pesticides. In California, backflow prevention devices are not required in the context of fertilizer preparation and use. The current design standards for backflow prevention devices can be found in the U. This document lists six main requirements for sprinkler, furrow, and drip irrigation backflow prevention devices: 1.
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Had not the bunglings of legislators been made good by private enterprise symptoms diarrhea order norpace 100mg overnight delivery, the administration of justice would have been impossible! Where symptoms retinal detachment purchase norpace from india, then medicine hat buy discount norpace, is the warrant for the constantly proposed extensions of legislative action? If medicine zyprexa buy norpace 150 mg with visa, as we have seen in a large class of cases, government measures do not remedy the evils they aim at; if, in another large class, they make these evils worse instead of remedying them; and if, in a third large class, while curing some evils they entail others, and often greater ones; if, as we lately saw, public action is continually outdone in efficiency by private action; and if, as just shown, private action is obliged to make up for the shortcomings of public action, even in fulfilling the vital functions of the State; what reason is there for wishing more public administrations? The advocates of such may claim credit for philanthropy, but not for wisdom; unless wisdom is shown by disregarding experience. Admitting that private enterprise does much, and does it well, it is nevertheless true that we have daily 302 the Man Versus the State thrust upon our notice many desiderata which it has not achieved and is not achieving. In these cases its incompetency is obvious; and in these cases, therefore, it behooves the State to make up for its deficiencies: doing this, if not well, yet as well as it can. Though there would have been no need for a Mercantile Marine Act to prevent the unseaworthiness of ships and the ill-treatment of sailors, had there been no Navigation Laws to produce these; and though were all like cases of evils and shortcomings directly or indirectly produced by law, taken out of the category, there would probably remain but small basis for the plea above put; yet let it be granted that, every artificial obstacle having been removed, there would still remain many desiderata unachieved, which there was no seeing how spontaneous effort could achieve. Let all this, we say, be granted; the propriety of legislative action may yet be rightly questioned. For the said plea involves the unwarrantable assumption that social agencies will continue to work only as they are now working; and will produce no results but those they seem likely to produce. It is the habit of this school of thinkers to make a limited human intelligence the measure of phenomena which it requires omniscience to grasp. That which it does not see the way to , it Over-Legislation (1853) 303 does not believe will take place. Though society has, generation after generation, been growing to developments which none foresaw, yet there is no practical belief in unforeseen developments in the future. The Parliamentary debates constitute an elaborate balancing of probabilities, having for data things as they are. Meanwhile every day adds new elements to things as they are, and seemingly improbable results constantly occur. Who, a few years ago, expected that a Leicester Square refugee would shortly become Emperor of the French? Who dreamed that Irish over-population would spontaneously cure itself, as it is now doing? So far from social changes arising in likely ways, they usually arise in ways which, to common sense, appear unlikely. No one supposed that important agricultural improvements would come from a LeadenhaU Street tradesman. A farmer would have been the last man thought of to bring to bear the screw-propulsion of steamships. The invention of a new species of architecture we should have hoped from any one rather than a gardener. Yet while the most unexpected changes are daily wrought out in the strangest ways, legislation daily assumes that things will go just as human foresight thinks they will go. This strong faith in State-agencies is, however, accompanied by so weak a faith in natural agencies (the two being antagonistic), that, in spite of past experience, it will by many be thought absurd to rest in the conviction that existing social needs will be spontaneously met, though we cannot say how they will be met. Nevertheless, illustrations exactly to the point are now transpiring before their eyes. Instance the scarcely credible phenomenon lately witnessed in the midland counties. Repeated petitions have prayed Parliament for remedy; and legislation has made attempts, but without success. Two or three years since, however, the circular knitting machine was introduced; a machine immensely outstripping the old stockingframe in productiveness, but which can make only the legs of stockings, not the feet. Doubtless, the Leicester and Nottingham artisans regarded this new engine with alarm, as likely to intensify their miseries. By cheapening production it has so enormously increased consumption, that the old stocking-frames, which were before too many by half for the work to be done, are now all employed in putting feet to the legs which the new machines make.
Statistically significant increases in tumor incidences were observed in the 50 and 250 mg/kg-day groups (incidence rates of 10 and 14% symptoms of the flu discount 150mg norpace fast delivery, respectively) but not in the 125 mg/kgday group (incidence rate of 3%) symptoms nausea headache fatigue order 100mg norpace overnight delivery. Incidence of neoplastic nodules was also increased (10%) in a group exposed for 78 weeks followed by a 26-week period of no exposure; however medicine grace potter cheap norpace 150mg otc, the characterization of malignant potential of the nodules was not described medicine 7 year program 150 mg norpace mastercard. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma or neoplastic nodules in this control group (0%) was lower than that seen in historical controls from the same laboratory (324 female F344 rats; 4 with carcinoma, 21 with neoplastic nodules; 25/324 = 7. Incidences of nonneoplastic liver changes and liver tumors in male and female F344 rats exposed to dichloromethane in drinking water for 2 years Target dose (mg/kg-d) 0 (Controls) Males Estimated mean intake (mg/kg-d) total n n at terminal killd Number (%) with: Liver foci/areas of alteration Neoplastic nodules Hepatocellular carcinoma Neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma Females Estimated mean intake (mg/kg-d) total n n at terminal killd Number (%) with: Liver foci/areas of alteration Neoplastic nodules Hepatocellular carcinoma Neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma a a 5 6 85 34 50 52 85 38 125 125 85 35 250 235 85 41 40 (98)e 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (5) Trend p-valueb 250 with recoveryc 232 25 17 0 135 76 52 (68) 9 (12) 3 (4) 12 (16) 22 (65) 35 (92)e 34 (97)e 1 (3) 0 (0) 2 (6) 0 (0) 1 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (6) < 0. Sample size (incidence of liver foci) in group 1 and 2, respectively, was 36 (75%) and 40 (63%) in males and 31 (55%) and 36 (47%) in females. For tumor mortalityunadjusted analysis, a Cochran-Armitage trend test was used, and for tumor mortality-adjusted analyses, tumor prevalence analytic method by Dinse and Lagakos (1982) was used. A 2-year drinking water study similar to the previously described study in F344 rats was also conducted in B6C3F1 mice (Serota et al. The mice received target doses of 0, 60, 125, 185, or 250 mg/kg-day of dichloromethane in deionized drinking water for 24 months. Treatment groups consisted of 100 female mice in the low-dose (60 mg/kg-day) group and 50 in the remaining treatment groups; larger sample sizes were used in the male bioassay, with 200, 100, 100, and 125 male mice in the 60, 125, 185, and 250 mg/kg-day groups, respectively. One hundred females (in two groups of 50) and 125 males (in two groups of 60 and 65 mice) served as controls. The authors indicate that this study design involving two groups of control mice was used because of the high and erratic incidence of liver tumors in historical control B6C3F1 mice; when the results were similar in the two control groups, the groups could be combined to provide a more statistically precise estimate for comparisons with the exposed groups. All tissues from the control and 250 mg/kg-day groups were examined microscopically, as well as the livers and neoplasms from all groups and the eyes of all males from all groups. Throughout the 2-year study, mice from both control and treatment groups exhibited a high incidence of convulsions (Serota et al. Survival to 104 weeks was high (82% in males and 78% in females), and no evidence for exposure-related negative effects on survival were found. Mean leukocyte count was significantly elevated in males and females dosed with 250 mg/kg-day dichloromethane for 52 weeks, but the authors indicated that the mean values were within the normal historical range for the laboratory. Treatment-related nonproliferative histopathologic effects were restricted to the liver and consisted of a marginal increase in the amount of Oil Red O-positive material in the liver of males and females dosed with 250 mg/kg-day (group incidences for this lesion, however, were not presented in the published report). Incidences of liver tumors in female mice were not presented in the published paper (Serota et al. In the male B6C3F1 mice, 71 incidences for hepatic focal hyperplasia showed no evidence of an exposure-related effect (Table 4-7). The incidence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas was 18 and 20% in each of the two control groups. Because of the similarity in the results for these groups, the combined group is presented in this table and used as the comparison group for the analysis. The incidence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas across exposure groups was 26, 30, 31, and 28% in the 60, 125, 185 and 250 mg/kg-day groups, respectively. The trend tests and the tests of the comparisons between individual exposure groups and the controls were not reported by Serota et al. Exposed male mice showed a marginally increased combined incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, with a linear trend p-value = 0. Incidences for focal hyperplasia and tumors in the liver of male B6C3F1 mice exposed to dichloromethane in drinking water for 2 years Target dose (mg/kg-d) 0a (Controls) 125 0 10 (8) 10 (8) (9) 14 (11) (13) 24 (19) (21) 60 200 61 125 100 124 185 99 177 250 125 234 Trend p-valueb n per groupc Estimated mean intake (mg/kg-d) Number (%) with: Focal hyperplasiad Hepatocellular adenoma (mortality-adjusted percent) p-valuee Hepatocellular carcinoma (mortality-adjusted percent) p-valuee Hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (mortality-adjusted percent) p-valuee a 14 (7) 4(4) 10 (10) 13 (10) 20 (10) 14 (14) 14 (14) 15 (12) (12) (17) (16) (12) p = 0. Sample size (incidence of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma) in group 1 and 2, respectively, was 60 (18%) and 65 (20%). Two additional sets of analyses using the individual control groups were also presented in Hazleton Laboratories (1983). The incidence in the control groups was almost identical to the mean seen in the historical controls (17. There is also no indication that the experimental conditions resulted in a systematic increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. Given the information provided regarding the incidence in historical controls (mean 17.
The palm produces nuts throughout the year when climatic conditions are favorable and is one of the most important food security crops medications used for bipolar disorder buy norpace 100 mg with visa. Kenya is suitable for the growing of the coconut palm and its production is mainly carried out along the Kenyan coastal region medicine in the middle ages discount norpace 100mg with visa. Coconut has the potential to substitute 30% of the edible oil imports into the country medications contraindicated in pregnancy purchase norpace 100 mg overnight delivery. However medications janumet cheap norpace 150mg on-line, to achieve this target; there is need to address the effects of climate change that affect coconut production. The unreliability of rainfall being experienced in Coastal Kenya has contributed to low productivity as well as death of many coconut trees. A water harvesting structure (digging of a trench around the coconut tree) as well as moisture conservation technologies trial was conducted in a coconut tree plantation and replicated three times in a randomized complete block design in order to determine the most suitable water harvesting technology. However, the weight of nuts in the treatment of water harvesting and farmyard manure application was higher than the rest. The palm is also regarded as the tree of life owing to its wide range of over 120 products for domestic and international markets. These products include; edible and non-edible oils, fibre of commercial value, coconut shell for fuel and industrial uses, thatching materials (makuti), palm wine (toddy), brooms, and timber for construction and furniture making (Sharma, 2006). It is also reported that populations that use coconut oil have 325 lowest rates of heart diseases and cancer (Fife, 2005). Coconut at the same time plays a major role as food, providing 15% of calories and 5% protein in the food basket. Besides growing in the coastal belt, coconut can also grow in Taita Taveta which though not close to the coastline has suitable conditions for its cultivation. Other areas with potential for coconut production include; Busia and Homa Bay in the Lake Victoria region, and Tharaka Nithi in Eastern region. Introduction and promotion of this crop in these areas can provide alternative sources of nutritious food and income to the communities. The total area under coconut farming in Kenya is estimated to be 200,000 acres, with a population of 10 million trees that produce slightly over 260 million nuts per year. There is an increasing demand for coconuts and coconut products in the country and the neighboring countries of Uganda and Tanzania. This therefore calls for an increase in the area under coconut production as the coconut tree has the potential to offer many opportunities that include employment creation through the development of cottage industries for both edible and non-edible products. Additionally, the tree has the potential of protecting the environment from the adverse effects of climate change by acting as a carbon sink and consequently reducing global warming. The unreliability of rainfall being experienced in Coastal Kenya and the country at large has led to unprecedented seasonal shifts and in turn contributed to low productivity as well as death of many coconut trees. Over the past 10 years, the rainfall being experienced in the country has continued to decrease in amount and predictability (Mwanga, 2015). Decreasing rainfall and its unpredictability is leading to gradual decline in yields per tree per year with an average production of 260 million nuts per year. Effects of declining coconut yields are diverse including inadequate raw material supply to the agro-based industries in the sub-sector. The declining yields is leading to low attraction of investment to the coconut industry. There is need therefore to mitigate against the effects of climate change by coming up with technological interventions that target at increasing production and quality of nuts produced. One such intervention is the conservation of water during the rainy season in a bid to prolonging availability of moisture to the trees during the dry seasons. Such water conservation effort would also ensure continued nut production throughout the year. Some of the water conservation methods such as mulching have the additional advantage of improving the soil organic matter and soil fertility. A study was therefore undertaken to test various 326 water harvesting and conservation technologies on coconut trees and determine the most effective ones based on yields of nuts. The rainfall pattern is bi-modal with peaks in May and November during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Low coconut yields had been recorded 3 years prior with less than 30 nuts per tree per year owing to low moisture levels as a result of the low rainfall amounts. Experimental procedures the land within the coconut plantation was ploughed and later harrowed by use of a tractor to ensure uniformity of moisture conservation.
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