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Southeastern district chum salmon escapements (orange line) versus the 2011 goal lower bound (black line) 72210 treatment order septra 480mg mastercard. Southeast Alaska summer run chum salmon escapements versus current escapement goals symptoms for diabetes trusted 480mg septra. Southern Southeast Northern Northern Southeast Summer Run Southeast Outside Inside Summer Run Summer Run Above 75 symptoms rheumatoid arthritis order septra 480mg overnight delivery. Hatchery strays are present in the escapements in all three subregions medicine 4h2 purchase discount septra online, but, as discussed below, the proportion in the escapement does not substantially bias the escapement index counts at the management unit level. Southern Southeast Summer Run escapements (orange line) versus the 2014 goal lower bound (black line). Northern Southeast Inside Summer Run escapements (orange line) versus the 2012 goal lower bound (black line). Blue line is pre-hatchery period average, green line is the hatchery period average, and the yellow bar is natural origin escapement in 2013. Northern Southeast Outside Summer Run escapements (orange line) versus the 2014 goal lower bound (black line). EffectsofHatcheryStraysonManagementandEscapementNumbers One concern for hatchery impacts on wild stocks is that hatchery strays into wild systems may comprise the ability of fishery managers to accurately assess the run strength and escapement of the wild component of the run. This up to date information, along with an intensive aerial survey program and emergency order authority by local management biologists can result in harvesting a large proportion of the hatchery fish which presumably results in fewer strays. In 2014, managers established large closed areas to ensure wild salmon escapement while harvesting a large proportion of hatchery fish. Most directed fishing on pink salmon occurs prior to this date, and hatchery proportions in streams were very low prior to this time in the studies done by Brenner et al. Both studies found that proportions of hatchery fish were generally highest in streams closest to hatchery release sites, and Piston and Heinl observed proportions of hatchery fish greater than 10% in some streams more than 50 km from the nearest release site. Based on this information, hatchery strays are not biasing escapement numbers at the management unit level, and do not compromise the ability of the managers to assess overall wild run strength and index escapement. If interactions between hatchery and wild fish were affecting production, negative trends should be apparent over this time. Most of the variability in wild stock productivity was explained by varying environmental conditions affecting marine survival. The relatively small yield loss attributed to hatchery fish abundance was associated with smaller size of returning adults at high abundance, which results in reduced fecundity (Wertheimer et al. During these time periods, average hatchery contributions to the commercial harvest (common property and cost recovery) has increased from an average of 13. The difference has been more marked for the odd year run, as the even-year wild run has been weaker than the odd-year wild run in recent years. For the even year run, average wild production during the hatchery time period has been 9. For the odd-year run, the average wild production during the hatchery time period has been 14. As hatchery operations have increased, average annual harvest of chum salmon has increased.
Ocean conditions may be an overriding factor symptoms webmd buy septra 480 mg, so this research was focused on evaluation of the evidence of competition between Bristol Bay sockeye and pink salmon from Russia and central Alaska treatment wpw buy cheap septra 480 mg on line. Sockeye scales from 1965 through 2009 were evaluated for growth patterns; abundance of adult pink salmon was available in previously published literature treatment yeast in urine discount generic septra canada. Sockeye growth at sea during odd-years was low; other referenced research indicated that pink and sockeye have a high diet overlap medicine head buy 480mg septra otc. Productivity and life history of sockeye salmon in relation to competition with pink and sockeye salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. Scientists indicated that declining productivity at sea was responsible rather than factors like spawner abundance or freshwater factors. Pink salmon abundance was identified as a possible factor due to overlapping spatial distribution in the north Pacific and diets. Results indicated that 1) during odd-years (high pink abundance), sockeye survival rates and length-at-age of returning sockeye were lower, as well as a higher proportion showing delayed maturation; 2) for all but one population (with a unique "ocean-type" life history) sockeye growth in the second year was negatively correlated with pink salmon abundance and led to lower sockeye productivity; 3) inclusion of environmental factors did not improve performance; and 4) there did not seem to be evidence that returning pink salmon preyed on out-migrating sockeye salmon. The 1970s regime shift saw an actual increase in pink salmon abundance from 200 million to 400 million; a model of pink salmon abundance and Fraser River sockeye returns predicted a reduction in Fraser River sockeye returns of approximately 5. Evidence for competition at sea between Norton Sound chum salmon and Asian hatchery chum salmon. An important chum salmon population in Norton Sound, Alaska (Kwiniuk chum) has experienced reduced adult length-at-age, age-at-maturation, productivity, and abundance, corresponding with increased hatchery Asian chum salmon abundance. Analyses of the relevant data indeed show that hatchery Asian chum salmon abundance is negatively correlated with the size and age parameters, productivity, and abundance of the Kwiniuk chum. Inclusion of Asian and western Alaska wild chum salmon abundance did not improve the model. Lower productivity of Kwiniuk chum was correlated with high abundance of wild eastern Kamchatka Island pink salmon during odd-years; the effect was less than that of hatchery chum. This evidence for density-dependent effects points out the need for international cooperation on hatchery releases. Magnitude and trends in abundance of hatchery and wild pink, chum, and sockeye salmon in the North Pacific Ocean. Pink salmon were the most abundant (70%), followed by sockeye (17%) and chum (13%). After the mid-1970s regime shift, pink and sockeye became more abundant while chum numbers decreased. Hatcheries were responsible large numbers of adult fish returning: 62% of the chum, 13% of the pink, and 4% of the sockeye in 1990-2005. Combined, wild and hatchery salmon in the same time period averaged 634 million fish, twice as many as during 1952-1975. Better data gathering and management are needed, as well as international cooperation to better manage the common waters, especially in light of possible increases in hatchery releases in the face of evidence of changing climate and density-dependent effects. Evidence for competitive dominance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) over other salmonids in the North Pacific Ocean. The alternating yearly cycle of pink salmon abundance lends itself to studies of competition with other Pacific salmon. This review article examined studies to date indicating that competition between pink salmon and other salmon is an important process negatively influencing other salmon species because pink salmon are efficient predators of the (common) prey. The authors are not aware of any studies of pink salmon being negatively affected by other Pacific salmon. Their abundance (pink salmon are the most common Pacific salmon), rapid growth, high feeding rates, and early entry combine to make pink salmon a dominant competitor. It also appears that pink salmon have been the dominant competitor in the north Pacific across multiple climate regimes. Competition between Asian pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Alaskan sockeye salmon (O. The researchers hypothesized that competition between Bristol Bay sockeye and Asian pink salmon would be greater in odd-years when pink salmon abundance was generally greater.
Phenotypic classification of male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency medications you can crush order genuine septra line. Development of the external genitalia: conserved and divergent mechanisms of appendage patterning treatment interventions purchase cheap septra on-line. Unique functions of Sonic hedgehog signaling during external genitalia development symptoms 6 weeks pregnant septra 480mg otc. Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development medications quotes purchase septra 480 mg. Bmp7 expression and null phenotype in the urogenital system suggest a role in re-organization of the urethral epithelium. Epigenetic mechanisms direct estrogen-induced downregulation of gene expression and cell biological processes critical for genital tubercle formation. Development of the penis during the human fetal period (13-36 weeks post-conception). In congenital cases, the gonad is not in the scrotum at birth, while an acquired testicle is in a normal location at birth but not later on in life. Acquired cryptorchidism may refer to both iatrogenic causes, such as with entrapment after herniorraphy, or spontaneous causes. A retractile testis refers to a gonad that intermittently migrates to a higher location along the path of normal descent, believed to be due to an active or brisk cremasteric reflex. By definition, the testicle can be manipulated down to its normal location during exam, and remains there for some time after releasing it. A testis is considered ectopic if its location (as determined during physical exam and/or surgery) is outside of the scrotum and not within the normal path of descent between the abdomen and scrotum. An ectopic position is most commonly documented in the superficial inguinal pouch (anterior to the external oblique fascia and adjacent to the external inguinal ring) or, more rarely, in a pre-pubic, femoral, perineal, or contralateral scrotal position. Although sometimes a difficult distinction, an ectopic testicle is unlikely to spontaneously descend to a normal location or respond to hormonal stimulation. The inability of the examiner to feel the gonad during physical exam (including exam under anesthesia) indicates a non-palpable testis. If non-palpable, considerations expand to the inability to palpate due to an intra-abdominal location, inaccurate exam, and absence or atrophy due to a prenatal insult or lack of development. The diagnosis is confirmed during exam under anesthesia, the first step of any surgical procedure for cryptorchidism. Cryptorchidism is a component of almost 400 syndromes, many with important comorbidities that often raise concerns for surgical correction when anesthetic risks are considered. Currently, the thought is that testicular maldescent is polygenic and multifactorial, with evidence of a familial predisposition in boys with affected twins, brothers, and fathers. On a greater scale, cryptorchidism has been included in the so-called "testicular dysgenesis syndrome," which includes other male genitourinary disorders, such as hypospadias, testicular cancer, semen production abnormalities, and infertility,6 linked together by potential common pathogenic mechanisms that interfere with normal fetal testis development. When patients with a normal exam or retractile testicles are excluded, approximately 75% of undescended testes are palpable and unilateral. Careful examination of the groin, femoral region, perineum, contralateral scrotum (to detect the rare cases of transverse testicular ectopia), and pubic areas are needed in order to correctly classify a testis as palpable or non-palpable, a critical step that influences further diagnosis and treatment. Gentle downward pressure along the ipsilateral inguinal canal from the anterior iliac spine to the scrotum and palpation with the opposite hand helps to identify the lowest position of a palpable testis (Figure 2-1). Examination should include documentation of testicular palpability, position, mobility, size, and possible associated findings such as hernia, hydrocele, penile size, and urethral position. In addition, the size and location of the normally located contralateral gonad (in unilateral cases) can have important prognostic implications, as the presence of compensatory hypertrophy (length greater than 2 cm in pre-pubertal young boys) is highly associated with monorchia. Particularly, if both testes are non-palpable and/or if associated penile abnormalities are detected, karyotype and a hormonal profile (including 17hydroxyprogesterone levels) should be performed. The implications of a delayed or missed diagnosis in this circumstance can be tragic, as a high proportion of patients with this condition are unable to regulate their electrolyte levels and may present later in shock, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. Except for very select and specific clinical scenarios, there is no need for imaging studies to further evaluate cryptorchidism. Commonly, an ultrasound examination is contemplated, as the study is considered to be innocuous and thought to help localize a non-palpable gonad while reassuring parents of the diagnosis. Nevertheless, the practice of imaging for undescended testis is time consuming, resource draining, and ultimately may be clinically misleading. If the testicle is palpable, the information obtained adds little to the physical exam.
Her argument is a different take on the usual view by feminist economists that women working outside their home are empowered by earning a wage medications overactive bladder buy septra 480 mg mastercard. Hare notes that her research sample was small medicine 2 480mg septra for sale, so the results may not be representative of all rural Chinese communities medications 126 order septra uk. Annotation: this article looks at the dynamics between gendered access to land resources and property rights policy treatment uterine cancer generic septra 480mg on line. Since women have a significant role in Chinese agriculture, their access to land is a key component of development. Hare and her colleagues analyze empirical data collected from a survey in two provinces to determine what characteristics and practices create gender disparities in land ownership. The areas are agriculture, village-level enterprises, and household commodity production. She examines the relationship between supposedly gender-neutral official policies and the observed and reported experience of actual activities. Interestingly, she also concludes that patriarchy is not based in the family, but is in fact only one part of complex hierarchical relations in China. The book is a comprehensive analysis of the gender issues facing rural North China in terms of gendered economic and political rights. During the early 1980s, Judd explains, villages were in charge of allocating land to households based on a per capita calculation. Land was periodically reallocated as household composition changed through marriage, births, and deaths. First, if they marry patrilocally, they lose access to their allocated land, which is usually in their natal village. Judd also argues that the policy has resulted in uneven household land rights and wider changes in rural society. Annotation: Kai-sing Kung discusses the effects of an experiment in Meitan County conducted by the Chinese government to lower rural fertility rates by increasing security of tenure through prohibiting land reallocation. The author argues that this policy was ineffective because there are numerous factors that impact the decision to have children. His small-scale study confirms that there is not a significant comparative reduction in fertility between families that were part of the land reallocation experiment and those who were not. Annotation: the authors analyze the asset-based distribution of resources in rural households and the gendered dimension of decision-making regarding those resources. They argue that land is the most gender-unequal resource, and that lack of control of household resources can increase vulnerability. Gender inequality is primarily found in four dimensions of land control: the land-distribution system; ownership of land contracts; decision-making about land cultivation and contracts; and transfer of contracts. The article is based on research conducted in five poor regions of China with a variety of different methodologies. It is easily accessible to any interested reader and provides strong support for not considering the household as a unit with mutual interests. However, it has changed the power relationships within the household: many of the couples interviewed said that the wife was included in decisions about the household land. However, it does quote some irrelevant statistics, such as how much the village paid to renovate its school. Annotation: this article discusses the myriad land allocation practices even within one village in rural China. It analyzes the impact of the Rural Land Contract Law of 2003 on the gendered dimensions of land reallocation. They find that the relationship between women and land is also changing as a result of cultural, economic, and political institutions. This an interesting article because of the unique qualities of the village studied: it has a local theatre group that campaigns for gender equality in land allocation, for example. However, this means that the findings from the study may not apply to other villages in China. Annotation: Matthews and Nee analyze the changes in gender relations that have occurred in rural China since the transition to a market economy. They use data from the China-CornellOxford survey of rural China and the Fujian Rural Survey to determine employment opportunities for rural women off their farms, their relative contribution to the household income with off-farm work, and the power that women remaining on the farm wield within the household. Matthews and Nee conclude that there are several contexts in which marketdriven economic growth does benefit women in relation to empowerment and labor opportunities. For example, sustained market-driven growth provides more job opportunities for women, significant income contribution to the household, and increased household power for women with migrant worker husbands.
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